豊臣秀吉の生涯最大の発見


豊臣秀吉の生涯最大の発見

今回はやや話を戻しまして、「十尺間の天守」に関連した、ある興味深い「本」を見つけたので、その話題でチョット書きます。

下の図は、関白秀吉の大坂城天守の柱割を推定したものです。

こうした破格の(十尺間の)天守は、関白政権(今谷明先生のおっしゃる “王政復古” 政権)を喧伝するため、秀吉があえて建造したものと想定しています。


(※詳細はぜひ2008冬季リポートをご覧下さい)

何故こんなものが必要だったか?と申しますと、例えば「天下」(「天下布武」)という言葉は、中国大陸での用例を踏まえれば、分裂した戦国の世を再統一する願望が込められた言葉だったようです。
(参考:古くは安部健夫著『中国人の天下観念』など)

また立花京子先生も、天下布武の語源について、中国の古典に「天下に武を布き静謐と為す」意味の語句があるのではないかと探し、「七徳の武(しちとくのぶ)」を挙げておられます。

同様に「天守」という名称にも、どこか “古代の統一国家への回帰” という調子が含まれていて、秀吉の王政復古政権を喧伝する「十尺間の天守」も、その範疇にしっかり納まるものだと感じています。
 
 
ところが最近、まったく別の視点から「秀吉の狙い」を読み解くヒントが得られそうな本を見つけました。

国際日本文化研究センターの井上章一先生がお書きになった『日本に古代はあったのか』(角川選書/2008年)がそれです。
(※※城郭関連の本ではありませんので念のため)

この本で、井上先生は「自分は歴史学者ではない」と何度も断りながら論述されてはいるものの、その指摘にはハッとするものがあり、要は、日本史には「古代」はもともと存在せず、原始社会からいきなり「中世」封建社会になったのではないか、という内容なのです。

現状の歴史区分をおおまかに申し上げますと、西洋史では、「古代」とは古代ギリシャや古代ローマなどの「奴隷が生産を担った時代」であり、それは5世紀の西ローマ帝国の滅亡で終わり、その後は「中世」に区分されます。

にも関わらず、日本史で「古代」が終わり「中世」になるのは、武家政権が胎動する11世紀頃の院政期とされていて、西洋史に比べると700年も遅く、(前漢の滅亡を古代の終わりとする)中国史に比べると、1000年も遅くなってしまうわけです。

何故こんなことになるのか?? この本によれば、その原因の一つに、第二次大戦後、マルクス主義史観の学者たち(渡辺義通、石母田正といった人々)がそう決めてしまった、という背景もあるそうです。
 
 
そこでこの本では、日本に「奴隷が生産を担った古代」など本当にあったのか、という話が展開されていくわけですが、特に興味を引かれたのは、旧ソ連(!!)のコンラードという学者まで例に出して、外国人の研究者がやはり日本の歴史区分はおかしいと感じている部分の紹介でした。

(井上章一『日本に古代はあったのか』より)

「日本では、武家の台頭によって封建制ができあがったとされやすい。しかし、コンラードは、官僚貴族も封建諸侯であったと考える。公家も武家も、ひとしなみにあつかわれていたのである。(中略)ともに、農奴からあがりをまきあげていたという点では、つうじあう。だから、律令制下の公家社会もまた、封建的であったと、そう考えたのである。」
 
 
つまり経済基盤から言えば、公家も、武家も、同じく農民(農奴)に頼った封建領主だ、というわけです。

そこで話は「秀吉」にもどるのですが、百姓から武家になり、やがて豊臣姓を下賜され、人臣を極めた秀吉は、日本の階級社会を突き抜けたスーパーマンのようにも言われます。

ところが『日本に古代はあったのか』のように、日本は大和朝廷成立(6世紀)以降の有史以来、ずっと「中世」封建社会だったとすれば、秀吉はことさら特殊な人間ではなかったのかもしれません。

秀吉は、織田信長の家臣であった頃、京都奉行として “公家” をじっくりと観察できる時期がありました。

ですから、ひょっとしますと、秀吉の生涯最大の発見は、公家に接した肌感覚として「西洋の歴史に照らせば、日本の公家も、武家も、同じ穴のムジナだ」という事柄を、いつの間にか見抜いてしまい、関白政権の実現性をまったく疑わなかったことではなかったのか、とも思われて来るのですが …。
 

※当サイトはリンクフリーです。
※ぜひ皆様の応援を。下のバナーに投票(クリック)をお願いします。
にほんブログ村 歴史ブログ 戦国時代へ

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