仮称「表御殿連絡橋」は信長登場の花道か?
「懸造」が分かりやすい郵便切手の清水寺
前回、安土城天主台の南西隅で発見された礎石列について、その上に、天主側から張り出した「懸造(かけづくり)」がそびえていたのでは? という推測を申し上げました。
「清水の舞台のような」とも申し上げたのですが、京都の清水寺本堂のものは、そもそも何のための設備かと確認してみますと、寺のホームページには 【舞楽などを奉納する正真正銘の「舞台」で、両袖の翼廊は楽舎である】 とあります。
こうした「舞台」の意味を織田信長はどう考えていたか? ということも興味深い問題で、例えばこんな壁画が、中国・山西省の岩山寺に遺されているそうです。
物語上の楼閣を描いた岩山寺の壁画/12世紀の宮廷画家・王逵(おうき)筆
ご覧のとおり、この壁画では楼閣の左側に「宴台」が描かれていて、しかも楼閣自体は当サイトが提起している「十字形八角平面」をしています。
こうした中国の建築スタイルが、ひょっとして、何らかの方法で日本の信長の目に触れていたら… と思うと、安土城天主の成り立ちについても、アレコレと想像がふくらみます。
また問題の礎石列の場所からは、土間と「床」をもつ建物の痕跡も発見されていて、申し上げた「懸造」は、そう単純な形ではなかったことを、ここで補足しておきたいと思います。
それはどういう形かと申しますと、懸造の柱の間に、幅5間×奥行1間ほどの「細長い建物」が、天主台を背に、西(図では右)を向いて組み込まれていたようなのです。
そのすぐ北隣(上)には、西から伝本丸に入る「最後の門」が建っていたと考えられていて、各地の城をまわった城郭ファンの “素朴な感覚” から見れば、それは「番所」の類ではないかと感じられるような建物です。
しかもそこからは、城の焼失前は柄が完備していたはずの「鍬先(くわさき)」4個や、「十能」(火のついた炭を運ぶスコップのような道具)6個も発見されたそうで、日夜そこに詰めた番兵たちの常備品として、そういう用具類も置かれた番所の姿が想像できそうです。
このように足下に番所を組み込んだ「懸造」は、まさに上と下から、登城者に “にらみ” を効かせた構造物であったのかもしれません。
(※ちなみに、これが三浦正幸先生のおっしゃる「巨大な木造の階(きざはし)」ではないとしますと、伝二の丸にはどう上がるのか? という問題については、滋賀県の平成12年度の発掘調査報告に「二の丸石垣には改修の痕跡が認められることから、当初は石段等の出入口施設が存在していた可能性も残されている」とあります…)
伝二の丸の上段にある信長廟
では、その伝二の丸と天主の間に、タコ足状の階段橋(登渡廊)の1本が伸びていたかもしれない、という肝心のお話に移りましょう。
伝二の丸は(前回も話題の)「殿主」「南殿」「紅雲寺御殿」のいずれかがあったと言われ、その判定には発掘調査が欠かせないはずですが、残念ながらここには「御廟」(信長廟)が現存していて、発掘が行われたことは一度も無く、答えが永遠に出ない可能性もささやかれています。
中に立ち入れないため定かではありませんが、遠目には、かなり大きな柱痕(?)のある石も地表に見え、いかにも大規模な建物があったように思われてなりません。
(※例えば上の写真の赤丸内の石!)
もしこのまま永久に調査されないのなら、これはもう、あらゆる可能性を申し上げてもバチは当たらないだろう、ということで、是非ともお伝えしたいのが、お馴染みの『天守指図』の三重目にある “奇妙な壁面の表示” なのです。
静嘉堂文庫蔵『天守指図』三重目
ご覧の図のとおり、三重目の西側(伝二の丸側)の赤丸の部分に、『天守指図』でも他には見られない描き方の壁(幅1間)があります。
ここがどういう場所なのかを知るため、『信長記』『信長公記』類の「安土御天主之次第」にある三重目の各部屋を割り当ててみますと、驚きの事実が浮上します。
なんと、問題の壁のすぐ内側には、「口に八畳敷の御座敷これあり」!!と記された部屋が当てはまるのです。
正確を期すため、「安土御天主之次第」三重目の全文をご覧いただきますと、まず南西の隅(図では右上)から各部屋の紹介が始まり、ぐるっと左回りで一周した最後に「口に八畳~」の部屋が来ることが分かります。
岡山大学蔵『信長記』(Ⅱ類本)
… 三重目 十二畳敷 花鳥の御絵あり 則花鳥之間と申也
別に一段四てう敷御座敷あり 同花鳥乃御絵アリ
次南八畳敷賢人之間に ひょうたんヨリ駒之出たる所有
東麝香之間八畳敷
十二てう敷 御門上
次八てう敷 呂洞賓と申仙人并ふゑつ之図あり
北廿畳敷 駒之牧之御絵あり
次十二てう敷 西王母之御絵有 西御絵ハなし
御縁二段廣縁也
廿四てう敷之御物置之御南戸有
口に八てう敷之御座敷在之
柱数百四十六本立也
そして「安土御天主之次第」全体を探してみても、「口に…畳敷」という独特の表現で記された部屋は、これ以外に一つもありません。
ということは、これは “天主内でも他に例のない場所” であった可能性も考えられ、「口に」と言うだけで分かる印象的な構造があったのではないでしょうか?
ちなみにこの場所は、天守台上からの高さが6m余、伝二の丸の地表からは11m余に及ぶ高所だったと思われます。
当ブログは、ここに、高低差11m余をつなぐ壮大な階段橋(登渡廊)として、仮称「表御殿連絡橋」が架けられていたのではないか、と申し上げたいのです。
このような連絡橋が存在したならば、それはまるで、信長が地上(の御殿)に姿をあらわす「花道」か「天上界からの階段」のようです。
一方、それを天主の側から見ますと、「花道」ならぬ「御鈴廊下」と考えることも出来そうです。
つまりこの連絡橋は、伝二の丸の位置づけや天守との関係を推しはかる上で重要でしょうし、後々の江戸城で中奥と大奥をつなぎ、将軍だけが往来できた「御鈴廊下」の原形だったのかもしれない… などという妄想もかきたてる、注目の舞台装置なのです。
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