白い銀閣と義政公遠見の櫓が物語るもの


白い銀閣と義政公遠見の櫓が物語るもの

報道記事【秀頼と淀殿が自刃した「山里丸」の遺構見つかる】
読売オンライン
読売関西発
産経関西

本当に色々なニュースが飛び込んで来るもので、大坂城についても今年度のリポート「秀吉の大坂城・後篇」の準備が気になっていた矢先でした。

思わずオンライン各紙の文面に見入ってしまいましたが、第一報では詳細が分からないものの、発見された「石組み溝」は「地表から約4メートルの深さ」「地表から約3メートル掘り下げた」とあるのが大変に気がかりです。

と申しますのは、もしも豊臣時代の山里丸(山里曲輪)が現状より3~4メートルも深かったとなると、従来の諸先生方の復元は、曲輪の地表高に “かなりの見直し” が迫られるのかもしれません。

――それとも、これって、全焼した石山本願寺の遺構なのでは? と問い正したくもなりますが、少なくとも中井家蔵『本丸図』を参照するかぎり、石組み溝が豊臣時代のものならば、それは秀吉の茶室うんぬんといった話ではなく、下図の「井戸」関連の溝と考えるのが、最も自然な見方だと思うのです。

『本丸図』山里丸の井戸(赤印:ニュースの「略図」による石組み溝の位置)

「なんだ井戸か」と気落ちする必要はなくて、むしろこの井戸の存在を証明するものなら、それこそ豊臣大坂城の解明にとって重大な、「秀吉の茶室うんぬん」をはるかに凌駕する歴史的発見であって、それが何故かは、今年度のリポートの中でとくとご説明したいと存じます。

いずれにしましても、来月からの大阪歴史博物館での展示報告が注目されます。
 
 
さて、今回の記事で予定していたのは(三浦正幸先生の江戸城天守の件についても機会を改めて申し上げることにして)またまた別の話題なのです。

慈照寺 銀閣(足利義政の東山山荘・観音殿)

NHK『銀閣よみがえる ~その500年の謎~』でも話題になったように、かの「銀閣」は、かつては二層目の壁面に「白土」が塗られていて、言わば白銀色の楼閣であったことから、その名がついた可能性が言われています。

これは城郭の分野においても、様々な推論を生む発見だったように思います。

とりわけ当サイトは「安土城天主は白亜に輝いていた」「黎明期の天守はすでに白かった」などと申し上げているため、この新発見には注目せざるをえません。
 
 
しかしその場合、織田信長がそこから何を汲み取ったか、が問題の焦点になるため、ただ単に銀閣の色彩だけを注視してはならないように思うのです。

――「義政公遠見之櫓」(よしまさこう とおみのやぐら)。

というのは、義政の東山山荘は決して、失意の元将軍の “引きこもり” の館であったわけではなく、東の中尾山(標高280m)山頂の「義政公遠見之櫓」から、常に都の異変を見張らせていたのであって、そうした義政の構想は、山麓と山頂をセットで考えなければ把握できないからです。

北西からの眺め/左が中尾山、奥が大文字と如意ケ岳

この義政公遠見の櫓と東山山荘との位置関係を確認してみますと…

ご覧のように両者は、京都東山の山すそと峰の一つを使って、大きな西向き斜面の上下の端にそれぞれ配置されていました。

では、これと同縮尺の地図で、義政の没年から約80年後、織田信長の居城・岐阜城をご覧いただきますと…

岐阜城も山麓の居館と山頂部の城塞(天守ほか)が空間的に分離していて、その配置はやはり、大きな西向き斜面の上下の端にレイアウトされています。

つまり用途は別として、形としては、義政公遠見の櫓は岐阜城の山頂天守に、また銀閣は山麓居館の「四階建て楼閣」(かつて宮上茂隆先生はこれを「天主」と主張)に対応していた、とも読み取れるのです。
 
 
足利義政と言えば、一般的には、応仁の乱をまねいた室町将軍というレッテルがつきまといます。
しかし新時代の覇王・信長の「東山御物」への執着ぶりは有名であり、茶道、華道、香道、作庭、能楽といった「諸芸の祖」義政に対する強い憧憬(あこがれ)を持っていたことは、誰もが認めるところです。

しかも正倉院宝物の香木・蘭奢待(らんじゃたい)の切り取りについても、義政が行ったことは広く知られていて、信長はそんな義政に続く天下人ならんと願った可能性もありえます。
 
 
かくして足利義政と織田信長、二人の間には、一定の価値観の共有があった、と考えるならば、「銀閣」を通じて「四階建て楼閣」の問題にアプローチすることも出来るのではないでしょうか??

(※ご承知のとおり、近年、岐阜城の山麓居館跡では発掘調査が行われ、数々の発見があったものの、四階建て楼閣の痕跡は発見されず、当ブログでは楼閣説と階段状御殿説の折衷案などを記事にしましたが、なお展望は開けておりません。そこで…)

すなわち銀閣は創建以来、東山山荘の池の西側で、東を向いて建っているわけで、そうした位置取りを、岐阜城の山麓居館に当てはめてみるとどうなるでしょうか。

――下の図は、ともに同縮尺・同方位で、仮に、両者の池の滝口の位置を重ねる形で合成してみたものです。

岐阜城の山麓居館と東山山荘(赤い表示:慈照寺の現状)

なんと、こうしてみますと銀閣は、発掘調査で注目された巨石通路や明治大帝像前といった場所ではなく、ずっと手前の、岐阜公園の園内で、来園者が売店の味噌田楽などを手にブラブラ散策している真っ只中にあることになります。

ということは、ひょっとすると四階建て楼閣も、これまで発掘調査を行ってきた領域とは、まるで見当違いの範囲に建っていたことにもなりかねないのです。

岐阜公園(池の奥に巨石通路/園内広場の遠景の嶺に山頂天守)

こうした考え方には、巨石通路と『フロイス日本史』の描写と順序が違ってしまうという反論がありえますが、それに関しては、かの「銀閣寺垣」のような巨石列のアプローチが、手前の城下側にもあったのかもしれません。

また四階建て楼閣そのものが、楼閣ではなく、四段に造成された土地に建ちならぶ御殿群である、という主張も有力ではあるものの、この主張は多分に、現状の発掘調査範囲の地形を前提にした発想によるものではないのでしょうか?
 
 
以上の論点は、ひとえに「銀閣」という、境内の内側を向いて建つ建築を想定することで、初めて見えて来る「視点」だという所が肝心です。

そしてもしも信長の四階建て楼閣が東を(つまり城内側を)正面にしていたなら、この先例が、のちに豊臣秀吉が大成する「天守と山里」が併設された城、すなわち「公と私」が上下の段差をもって向き合う城郭スタイル、にまで発展したようにも思われるのです。

※ぜひ皆様の応援を。下のバナーに投票(クリック)をお願いします。
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※当サイトはリンクフリーです。
※本日もご覧いただき、ありがとう御座いました。

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