覇城・安土城の山頂にも「大奥」の原形があった!


覇城・安土城の山頂にも「大奥」の原形があった!

のっけから余談で恐縮ですが、時代劇はこんなことも出来るんですね…

左は公開中の問題作(?)男女逆転『大奥』のポスターですが、一方、右は1972年の痛快爆笑時代劇、『徳川セックス禁止令 色情大名』(東映京都/鈴木則文監督)でして、これは邦画史に輝ける怪作と申せましょう。

『大奥』は未見ですので、『徳川セックス…』の方で申しますと、真面目一本槍で育った殿様が突然、性愛の悦びに目覚め、それを知らなかった悔しさからトンデモナイお触れを出してしまい… といったストーリーです。

例えば、いわゆる生類憐みの令の徳川綱吉や、無理なデノミを強行した金正日など、権力者のトンチンカンに泣かされた庶民、といった類いのお話は色々とあったわけで、映画(メディア)製作者はそんな連想をうまく利用しつつ、なんとか1本仕上げたいと思うわけです。

その辺、男女逆転『大奥』はどんな風になっているのか… ポスターを見る限り、女将軍役の柴咲コウのほおがゲッソリしている(!)のは、なにやら作品の裏読みも出来そうで、気になるポイントです。

いずれにしても「大奥」という存在は、好事家の絶好の話題になりがちですが、城郭論から見ても「城」の本質に関わる一大テーマなのではないでしょうか。

千田嘉博『戦国の城を歩く』(2009年/ちくま学芸文庫版)

さてさて、この辺りで本題に入らせていただきますが、前々回から申し上げて来た「信長の作法」は、肝心かなめの安土城では、どう反映されていたのでしょうか?

つまり安土城にも「大奥」の原形はあったのか――

このことを考える時、“山麓と山上にそれぞれ御殿をもち、大名自身は山上の御殿に住んだ” という「戦国期拠点城郭」論を提起された、千田嘉博先生の指摘はたいへんに参考になります。

(千田嘉博『戦国の城を歩く』2009/ちくま学芸文庫版より)

観音寺城では山城のなかに大名も家臣たちも横並びに屋敷をかまえており、山上の常御殿は大名の政務の場としての比重が高いだけでなく、重臣たちも日常的に訪れた場所でした。こうした御殿のようすは大名と家臣たちが拮抗した横並びの権力構造をもったことと表裏の関係でした。
それにたいして岐阜城では大名である信長だけが突出して山上の屋敷を構え、大名と家臣との隔絶した権力の大きさを示しました。

そのような岐阜城のあとに築かれた安土城は、「山麓と山上に分離していた御殿群を山上で統合した城」とも言われて来ました。

となりますと、信長があれほど岐阜城で徹底させた家臣や訪問客との接見のスタイルは、安土ではどうなっていたのでしょう。

信長のことですから、いっそう度を極めたはずだと考える方が自然であり、そうだとすれば、安土城の山上では どのように「ハレ」(公)と「ケ」(私)の領域が棲み分けられたのでしょうか?

このことは例の、天皇を迎える「御幸の御間」をめぐる先生方の紛糾(→それらの御殿の配置がいまだにハッキリしない…)という問題もあって、殆ど解明されて来ておりません。
 
 
そこで今回は、日本の城郭研究にとっても重要なこのテーマに、斬り込んでみたいと思うのです。その問題解決へのカギは――

「御礼銭、悉(ことごと)くも信長直に御手にとらせられ、御後へ投させられ」(『信長公記』より)

と伝わる、家臣らを安土城に招いたおりの、信長の奇妙な振る舞いにあり、そこには “思いも寄らぬ意味合い” が隠れていたのです。!…
 
 
 
<まずは、安土城の御殿配置をめぐって対立する「二案」>
 
 

(A案) 安土城郭調査研究所(藤村泉所長)案

さて、ご覧の(A案)は、この20年あまり、現地で発掘調査を行ってきた安土城郭調査研究所が、本丸御殿は京の都の清涼殿に酷似した建物だった、と発表して話題になった時の御殿配置です。

(B案) 広島大学大学院教授・三浦正幸案

それに対し、(B案)は、お馴染みの三浦正幸先生らが、伝本丸の礎石列を(A案)のように清涼殿に見立てるのは恣意的すぎる、として反論した際の御殿配置で、「御幸の御間」は伝二ノ丸(ここも本丸と想定)にあったとしたものです。

では、この両説はハレ(公)とケ(私)の領域を、それぞれどのように棲み分けているのでしょうか?
 
 
例えば、後に徳川幕府が招請した二条城の行幸では、天皇の行幸殿は、大名が参集する二ノ丸御殿のとなりに建てられたことを思いますと、同じく天皇を迎える「御幸の御間」も、明らかに「ハレ」の領域にあったのでしょう。

一方、信長と家族の住居だったと言われる「天主」は、明らかに「ケ」の領域であったはずです。となると…

(A案)の棲み分け/※数字は各曲輪の標高(m)

曲輪の標高に注目いただきたいのですが、この(A案)は「ハレ」と「ケ」の棲み分けが、おおむね曲輪の高さ(標高)に逆らわずに分布しているようです。

(B案)の棲み分け

一方、(B案)は、曲輪の高さとは関係なく、ハレ(西側)とケ(東側)という風に領域が分かれていたことになります。

例えば近年の城郭論では、曲輪の高低と求心性は、いわゆる「織豊期城郭」の縄張りの “肝(きも)” だと言われて来ています。

その意味においては、一見しますと、(A案 安土城郭調査研究所)の方が「織豊期城郭」に、より相応しい造形のようにも見えるのですが、どうなのでしょう??
 
 
 
<信長の奇妙な振る舞い ~信長はどこに立っていたのか~>
 
 
 

さて、やがて本能寺の変が起こる天正十年の正月、信長は家臣らを安土城に招いて、山頂主郭部の御殿群を拝見させました。

この時の記録が『信長記』『信長公記』類にあり、特に「御馬廻・甲賀衆など御白洲へめされ」で始まる拝見ルートがたいへんに詳しいものの、具体的にどういうルートになるかは、(A案)と(B案)でかなり違った結果になります。

(A案ルート) ※安土城郭調査研究所編著『図説安土城を掘る』2004より

(B案ルート) ※三浦正幸監修『よみがえる真説安土城』2006より

ご覧のとおり両者はまるで違う結果になってしまいますが、ただ、こうして見ますと、(A案)は「ハレ」の領域だけを拝見した形であることが判ります。

そして是非とも、ご確認いただきたいのが、「御幸の御間」の拝見が終わった後の、最後のくだりの描写なのです。

(『信長公記』より)

御幸の御間拝見の後、初めて参り候御白洲へ罷下り候処に、御台所の口へ祗候(しこう)候へと上意にて、御厩(うまや)の口に立たせられ、十疋宛(ずつ)の御礼銭、悉(ことごと)くも信長直に御手にとらせられ、御後へ投させられ、他国衆、金銀・唐物、様々の珍奇を尽し上覧に備へられ、生便敷(おびただしき)様躰申し足らず。
 
 
ここで何より重要なのは、信長が見せた行動の意味です。

信長は「御馬廻・甲賀衆など」が各々差し出した「御礼銭」を、みずから手で受け取って、後へ投げた(!)というのです。
 
 
この話は信長のユニークな性格を語る時によく使われますが、では何故、背後に投げたのか? という点に言及された方はいらっしゃらないように思います。

この件は、実は、その時、信長がどこに立っていたかを類推できる話であり、しかもそこが「御台所の口」に近い「御厩の口」であったとなると、(A案)も(B案)も想定が崩れていく可能性があるのです。

(A案)(B案)の「ハレ」と「ケ」

記事の最初の方で(A案)(B案)のハレとケの領域を確認しましたが、いずれにせよ、家臣らは「信長の住居である天主」には一歩も足を踏み入れていません。

ということは、この日、信長は家臣らに格別の配慮を示しつつも、本当のところは、「己が住居」(ケの領域)には基本的に立ち入らせなかったのではないか(!)という疑いが浮上します。
 
 
そういう可能性を踏まえて、受け取った「御礼銭」を背後に投げた、信長のアクションの意味を想像してみていただきたいのです。

―― 礼銭をほうり投げるのは無作法なようでいて、実は、それ自体が「銭を受領した」という意味になったのではないか。

―― すなわち、「後に投げれば、あとは家の者が拾うから、どんどん手渡してくれ…」と。

つまり、信長はその時、ハレとケの領域の境界線上に当たる場所に立っていて、銭を背後に投げるという行為自体で、「銭は受け取った!」という意思表示をおおげさに家臣らに見せた、ということではなかったのでしょうか??

仮説<この日の信長の行動から推理した安土城主郭部の「ハレ」と「ケ」の棲み分け>

信長の立ち位置は、ご覧のような石段の下あたりだったと考えますと、文献上に残る “奇妙な” 行動も、その場にいた者ならハッキリと判った、信長の意図が隠れていたことになります。
 
 
かくして「御厩の口」が本当に図のような位置だったとなりますと、いやおうなく「御台所」や「御厩」の位置をはじめ、天主取付台や伝二ノ丸の性格についても、色々と見直しが迫られるのではないでしょうか。

現状のままでは(A案ルート)(B案ルート)は共に、信長が銭を投げたのは、北東斜面の伝台所跡のあたりということであり、そんな裏手で銭をほおり投げて、いったい何になるのか、心配になって来ます。……

(※次回に続く)

※ぜひ皆様の応援を。下のバナーに投票(クリック)をお願いします。
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※本日もご覧いただき、ありがとう御座いました。

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