窮民を収容した「本願寺城」の都におとらぬ富貴さ!
前回から、豊臣大坂城の極楽橋は「慶長元年に新設された」とする《慶長元年説》に対する強い疑いを申し上げています。
その理由(論点)を挙げ始めると本当にキリがないのですが、とりあえず羅列した上で、最後に「極楽橋」という名称の由来(寺内町「石山本願寺城」の実像!)についてお話したいと思います。
<理由2.極楽橋周辺の水堀は「十ブラザ前後」の廊下橋ではとても渡れない…>
中井家蔵『本丸図』の極楽橋周辺
《慶長元年説》が根拠とする『イエズス会日本報告集』の「十ブラザ前後」という長さの廊下橋では、そもそも極楽橋周辺の水掘は、途中までしか渡れない(!)という物理的な “無理” が伴います。
何故なら、「このブラザは往時のポルトガルの長さの単位で、二.二メートルにあたるから」(松田毅一『豊臣秀吉と南蛮人』1992年)であって、つまり「十ブラザ前後」は22m前後=11間前後であり、この水掘の中ほどまでしか届かないのです。
したがって「十ブラザ前後」の廊下橋は、前回、櫻井成廣先生の模型でもお見せした、千畳敷御殿の南の空堀に架かる廊下橋、と考えるのがせいぜい合理的な範囲の長さでしか無いのです。
<理由3.かの宮上茂隆先生も、千畳敷に付設された廊下橋と舞台を想定した>
宮上茂隆『大坂城 天下一の名城』(1984年)
※表紙は「極楽橋」を中井家蔵『本丸図』どおりに木橋で描いている
ご覧の宮上茂隆先生の著書『大坂城 天下一の名城』は、ある年代の城郭ファンにとっては懐かしい一冊ですが、この中でも千畳敷と舞台をつなぐ廊下橋が紹介されています。
(宮上茂隆『大坂城 天下一の名城』1984年)
対面のさい使節に能を見せるための能舞台は、空堀の向かい側に設けられ、千畳敷との間には 橋がかけられました。舞台と橋はいずれも彩色され、彫り物などでみごとに飾られていました。
ここで宮上先生が「舞台と橋はいずれも彩色され、彫り物などでみごとに飾られて」と書いたあたりは、やはり『イエズス会日本報告集』の「鳥や樹木の種々の彫刻」等々の表現を意識した結果と思われ、先生がこれらを慶長元年に千畳敷と共に造営されたもの、と考えたことは明らかです。
ただし、ご覧のイラストレーションからは、千畳敷を(櫻井先生とは異なり)「大坂夏の陣図屏風」のままに南北棟の殿舎と想定したためか、懸造りがより大きく南に張り出し、その分、約十間(十ブラザ)の廊下橋は、能舞台の脇(向こう側)を通り越して楽屋につながる形になったことが分かりますし、しかも廊下橋には「小櫓」の類が見られないなど、興味深い点がいくつか盛り込まれています。
そして表紙においては、極楽橋が中井家蔵『本丸図』のとおりに木橋で描かれていて、これは従来の通説に従って、『本丸図』は築城後まもない時期の城絵図である、という考え方に沿ったものでしょう。
で、これに引き比べますと、《慶長元年説》の場合、極楽橋は “まだ当分は存在しない” ことになるわけですから、下の絵のように極楽橋は消えてしまいます。!!
《慶長元年説》による極楽橋の未設状態
これは『イエズス会日本報告集』の問題のくだりが「太閤はまた城の濠に巨大な橋が架けられることを望んだが、それによって既述の政庁への通路とし」という風に始まっている以上は、新規の架橋だと考えざるをえないことからの結論です。
―― しかし、そうなると《慶長元年説》では、中井家蔵『本丸図』はいったい全体、どの時期の大坂城を描いた絵図だということになるのでしょうか?
仮に二代目の秀頼時代まで下るとしても、『本丸図』表御殿と千畳敷の時系列的な関係を考えれば、それはもう解決策の無い「袋小路」に陥っているのかもしれません。…
<理由4.肝心要の文献が、極楽橋は「二十間」程度だったことを示唆している>
豊国社の跡地から見た阿弥陀ケ峰
ここまでご覧のように、極楽橋の長さは、いずれの先生方の復元でも「二十間」程度ですが、これを裏付けるかのような数字が、日本側の肝心要の文献に記されています。
(『義演准后日記』慶長五年五月十二日条)
豊国明神の鳥居の西に 廿間ばかりの二階門建立す 大坂極楽橋を引かれおわんぬ
この文面は、最終的に廊下橋の「極楽橋」が慶長5年(1600年)、豊臣大坂城から移築され、豊国社の正門(楼門)になったことを伝えたものです。(※その後、再び竹生島に移築)
で、この肝心要の文献に「廿間(にじゅっけん)ばかり」とあるのが決定的であって、これは言わば “縦使い” の廊下橋を、“横使い” にして、楼門と左右翼廊による約20間幅の門に仕立て直した、という意味になるのでしょう。
「廿間」は39m余ですから相応の構えになりますし、逆に、もしも極楽橋が半分の「10ブラザ前後」しか無かったなら、移築時には他の何かを継ぎ足さなくてはなりません。
<理由5.しかも『イエズス会日本報告集』の「橋の中央に 平屋造りの二基の小櫓を突出させた」形の廊下橋と言えば、あの有名な橋もたしか秀吉が…>
京都の観光名所、東福寺の「通天橋」
ご覧の「通天橋」は歴史上、度々架け替えられて来たそうで、現在の橋は、以前の橋が昭和34年(1959年)8月の台風で倒壊したのを、翌々年に再建したもので、橋脚が鉄筋コンクリート造に変わっています。
で、歴代の通天橋をザッと振り返りますと、寺が発行した『東福寺誌』には…
慶長二年
三月 秀吉の命により、瑤甫恵瓊、東福の通天橋を改架す
という記述があって、なんと秀吉は大坂城に “問題の廊下橋” を架けた翌年(!)に、安国寺恵瓊(あんこくじ えけい)に命じて通天橋も架け替えさせていたのです。
この慶長2年の通天橋は、惜しくも江戸後期の文政12年(1829年)にまた架け替えられてしまい、詳しい形状等は不明のようです。
ただし文政12年の通天橋は、前述の昭和34年の台風で倒壊するまでは健在で、これが古写真等にも数多く残っていて、現状とほぼ同じデザインなのです。
ご参考/江戸時代の名所図会(上方文化研究センター蔵『澱川両岸一覧』文久3年)より
ご参考/通天橋の古写真 「京都東福寺通天橋(国立国会図書館所蔵写真帖)」より
橋の中央に平屋造りの小櫓?
で、慶長元年の問題の廊下橋について『イエズス会日本報告集』は「橋の中央に平屋造りの二基の小櫓を突出させた」と伝えていて、早くもその翌年に、秀吉はこの通天橋も架け替えさせたわけですから、両者のデザインの “思わぬ符合” が示唆するものは一つでしょう。
大坂城の廊下橋が「此の如き結構は世に類なし」と宣教師が伝えたほどの出来栄えだったのですから、それに似たデザインの橋をもう一つ、と考えた秀吉の、さも得意げな表情が目に浮かぶようです。…
ただし、現状の通天橋は張り出しが片側にしかなく、言わば「平屋造り」の「小櫓」が一基しか無い形ですが、もしも慶長年間には張り出しが橋の両側、もしくは片側に二つ並んでいたとするなら、それはまさしく『イエズス会日本報告集』の記述にピッタリであり、なおかつ、望楼のある極楽橋とはまったくの別物と言えるでしょう。
結局のところ、豊臣大坂城で、望楼のある廊下橋は「極楽橋」だけで、一方の『イエズス会日本報告集』の廊下橋は「平屋造り」の張り出しだけだった、という可能性もありうるのです。
以上のような諸々の疑いから、大坂城「極楽橋」が慶長元年に架けられたとする《慶長元年説》は、幾重にも困難がつきまといます。
正直申しまして、『イエズス会日本報告集』という文献と「城郭論」にもう少し、折り合いがつけばいいのに…(否、櫻井先生や宮上先生の段階ではついていたはず!)と、古参の城郭マニアとしては、ただ、ただ、戸惑うばかりなのです。
<補論:「極楽橋」という名称は極楽浄土にちなんだものか? それとも全く別の由来か?>
藤木久志『土一揆と城の戦国を行く』2006年
さて、豊臣大坂城の前身は石山本願寺城であったことから、「極楽橋」という名も、何か仏教に関連したもののように見えます。
しかし例えば「極楽浄土」にちなんだものとすると、極楽橋は本丸の北側に架けられた橋であって(しかも伏見城や金沢城の極楽橋も北側であり)「西方浄土」の西ではない点が矛盾してしまうのかもしれません。
この点に関しては、「村の城」等の研究で知られた藤木久志(ふじき ひさし)先生が、ご覧の表紙の著書で、そのヒントになるような指摘をされているので、是非ご紹介してみたいと思います。
藤木先生は、近江堅田の真宗本福寺の僧、明誓(みょうせい)が記した『本福寺跡書』によると、本願寺教団とは、商人や職人を本業とする幹部門徒を中核とした、経済的に豊かな教団であり、飢饉のときには窮民らを進んで寺内町に収容したのだと言います。
(藤木久志『土一揆と城の戦国を行く』2006年より)
「御流(本願寺教団)ノ内ヘタチヨリ、身ヲ隠ス」というのは、飢餓や戦争の辛い世を生き残れない、数多くの難民や、世をはみ出した牢人たちを、本願寺教団は包容し匿(かくま)っていた、という。
真宗教団というのは、不遇な人々にとって、大切な生き残るための組織(生命維持装置)でもあった、というのである。
これは、真宗教団の本質についての、とても重要な証言であり、広く一向衆の寺の組織や、寺内町の門徒たちの職業構成についても、同じ視点から検討してみることが、今後の大きな課題になるであろう。
つまり一般に、当時の「本願寺」や「一向宗」に対して抱かれている “ムシロ旗を振りかざす貧農門徒の集団” といった先入観は、実態とは真逆に近い誤りだったわけで、この点は仁木宏先生も『二水記』の記述から、山科本願寺のたいへんに富貴な実像を指摘しています。
(仁木宏「山科寺内町の歴史と研究」/『戦国の寺・城・まち』1998年所収)
筆者の鷲尾隆康(わしお たかやす)は「中流」の公家で、本願寺とは別に利害関係のない人です。その彼の日記の中に(中略)
「寺中」=本願寺は大変広く、その「荘厳」さは「仏国」のようだ。寺内町の「在家」=町屋もまた「洛中」の町屋と違わないぐらい立派だ。「居住の者」はみな「富貴」=富裕で、町人の「家々」の装飾も大変「美麗」である、というのです。
当ブログも以前の記事で、石山本願寺城が何十基もの櫓を構えた可能性をお伝えしましたが、それほど「本願寺城」というのは、豊かな経済力や軍事力を備え、それを伝え聞いた人々がさらに集まるという、実在の “王城楽土” であったようなのです。
ですから、ひょっとすると織田信長は、戦場での門徒兵の捨て身の抵抗よりも、むしろ本願寺教団が果たした “社会制度的成功” とでも言うべきものに、いっそう大きな脅威を感じたのかもしれません。
そしてその後、秀吉が大坂城本丸の大手口とした「極楽橋」は、そんな “王城楽土” の輝きを、あえて、あえて積極的に継承するための命名だったのではないか――
などと思えて来てならないのです。
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