では駿府城の「超巨大天守」は本当に馬鹿げた話なのか
「穴倉」の有無をめぐる前回の表です。
このうち赤ラインで囲った駿府城(すんぷじょう)は、おそらく天守自体は五重天守に含まれ、かつ穴倉(石蔵)は無かったとハッキリ申し上げられるでしょうが、しかしその天守台の方にも「無かった」と断言できるのかどうか、チョット難しい事情を抱えています。
これは城郭ファンの方々が少なからず感じている点でもあり、そしてそこから導かれる驚愕の可能性について(今回もまた秀吉流天守台の話には戻らずに)是非この機会に触れておきたいと思います。
駿府城天守の復元模型の一例(巽櫓での展示/1994年!撮影)
(※これは様々な変遷を経てきた駿府城天守の復元案の一つで、
以下の説明には一番適当なので、あえて挙げてみました…)
さて、慶長12年から13年(1608年)にかけて、徳川家康が自らの隠居城として再築した駿府城(静岡市)には、じつに特異な形の天守がありました。
それはご覧のとおり、史上最大の天守台に “穴倉のごとき窪み”(深さ2間少々)があって、その中にスッポリ収まるように天守が建っていた、と考えられているのです。
(※ただしご覧の模型は、天守の向きが以降の復元案とは90度異なり、また天守台周縁部の石塁上にあった多聞櫓や隅櫓等々の復元がされていません)
で、前回の記事では、大型天守が「石垣に大きな荷重をかけない」ように築かれたことを申し上げましたが、この天守はそんな心配とは無縁のスタイルです。
――天守は石垣にいっさい荷重をかけず、その直下に穴倉が隠れているわけでもなく、逆に自分より広大な穴倉(?)の中に収まっているのです。
このような復元は『当代記』等の天守各階の平面規模や、大日本報徳社蔵の城絵図の描写から、まず間違いないものと言われています。
そしてこの天守台、形だけに注目しますと、なんと、前回記事の三浦正幸先生の講演にも登場した「名古屋城天守」にソックリ(!)なのです。
あの巨大な名古屋城天守が、まるで縮小コピーのよう…
(※両者は同縮尺/静岡県立中央図書館蔵『駿府城御本丸御天守之図』
および名古屋城管理事務所蔵の天守建築図をもとに作成)
両者の手法の一致は、これまでも度々指摘されて来た点です。
(解説文:大竹正芳/西ヶ谷恭弘監修『名城の「天守」総覧』1994年より)
(駿府城の)天守台の形は名古屋城とほぼ同じ構成である。
まず大天守台の南辺に沿って石段をのぼり、左折して小天守台に入る。小天守台の中で二度右折し橋台に出る。
さらに大天守台の入口には喰い違い虎口(くいちがいこぐち)が設けられていた。
(中略)
また、天守は本丸石垣の角に位置する塁上式で大天守東側に桝形虎口(ますがたこぐち)があり、地階には井戸が設けられていた。
というように駿府城の天守台は、三浦先生が「穴倉」の代表として例に挙げた名古屋城天守とソックリの手法でありながら、そのあまりの巨大さのためか、「穴倉」としての使用が完全に封殺されたような状態だったのです。
そして、この特異な天守が登場するまでには、なかなか複雑な経緯をたどったことが知られています。概略を申しますと…
慶長11年 3月 家康、旧城主の内藤信成を長浜へ移し、城の内外を巡視
慶長12年 2月 城の修築工事が始まる
5月 天守(台)の根石を置き始める
7月 天守台石垣と殿閣が完成し、家康が本丸の殿閣に入る
12月 城中失火で殿舎を焼失。家康は二ノ丸に避難
慶長13年 正月 再建工事(堀と塁と殿閣)を急がせる
2月 殿舎が上棟。大天守・小天守いっせいに作事開始
3月 殿舎落成し、家康が新殿に移る
8月 天守が上棟
慶長15年 半ば頃 天守落成
このように諸書の記録では、慶長12年の天守台や殿閣が完成して、わずか5ヶ月後に殿舎が焼失したとあるのですが、この時、果たして <天守木造部の工事は始まっていたのか> <その工事中の天守も焼けたのか> <天守台に損傷があったのか> については、意外なことに、何も記録が無い(!)ようなのです。
そして火事の2ヶ月半後には大天守・小天守の作事が開始(再開?)されていますので、天守台の焼けた(?)石垣を全面的に積み直せたかどうかも、微妙なタイミングです。
これら諸々の状況から考えられる可能性としては、火事の前に <天守木造部は実際には未着工のままで何も無かった> か、もしくは <着工の記録を何らかの理由で伏せてしまった> という別種の疑惑もありうるように思われるのです。
幻の超巨大天守!の仮想模型(櫻井成廣『戦国名将の居城』1981年より)
ここで今回の記事のメインイベンター、櫻井成廣(さくらい なりひろ)先生の「超巨大天守」の登場です。
ご覧の模型は、櫻井先生が、あくまでも「駿府城大天守台の上にその広さどおりの大天守閣ができたら、どんな姿になったであろう」(写真の著書より)という、仮定の興味に基づいて自作したものです。
ですから勿論、天守台の中には “例の穴倉” が入っている想定であり、天守台上の初層の広さは24間半×21間とし、「各層の壁面の高さは大体定まっているから、自然(と)外観は七層、内部は九重に」(写真の著書)という、超巨大サイズになっています。
この模型製作の当時は、まだ大日本報徳社蔵の城絵図が知られていなかったようで、それでこんな大胆な模型を作れたのかもしれませんが、その後、城絵図が認知されますと、しだいに「超巨大天守」は半ば荒唐無稽な試みとして忘れ去られて来ました。
ところが今日、三浦先生の「穴倉」存在理由の再定義という事態が、その典型例として挙げた名古屋城天守台と、駿府城天守台との間にある “手法の一致” をどう解釈したらいいのか、新たな興味を喚起しているように思えるのです。
時期的には、よりコンパクトな方が後になって築かれた… これは何故なのか?
そして私が一番気になるのは、両者の出現の時期なのです。
すなわち、よりコンパクトな方(より着実な方?)が後になってから出現している…
この順序が物語るものは、想像力を膨らませますと、やはり問題の「超巨大天守」はいったんは計画されて、それに合わせて天守台が築かれ、もしくは天守木造部の着工もあって、それらの続行を徳川幕府が早々と「断念」していた(!)ということではないのでしょうか。
そしてその不名誉な技術的「断念」を、火事のドサクサの中に隠蔽(いんぺい)しつつ、その2年後に、名古屋城の大天守で雪辱を果たしていたのではないか――
といった勝手な空想が頭の中を飛び交うのです。
天守の技術的失敗と申しますと、例えば豊臣時代の丹波亀山城天守にはややかんばしくない評判が残っていたり、徳川将軍の江戸城でも完成したはずの天守台を削ったり積み増したりしていました。
そのように天守にも当然、試行錯誤や失敗作の類はあったはずで、駿府城の天守台はそうした秘史の存在を臭わせているように感じるのです。
歴史の裏側に、超巨大天守の「断念」と名古屋での再チャレンジが!?
(※ちなみに今回の仮説は、慶長度の江戸城天守は五重天守ではない!
という想定に基づいています。つまり当時、名古屋城天守は
五重天守としては あらゆる面で史上最大だったことになります)
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