小牧山城でおぼろげに感知できる「立体的御殿(天守)」造型のDNA
前回記事では「小牧山城の主郭石垣こそ、天守台の原型でもあるのではないか」! ? などという突飛な考え方を申し上げましたが、試しに、その広さを安土城の天主台と比べてみますと…
ご覧のとおり、広さは格段の差があるものの、やや角ばった環状の平面形(※小牧山のは元々の地山とは無関係に造成されたもの!)が何故か似ているようです。
そして小牧山城にあった基壇状のスペース(オレンジ色)と、安土城天主の建物初重の広さがほぼ同じだということもあってか、さも両図は、望楼と御殿が合体して天守に変わる「以前」と「以後」を見ているかのようでもあります。
しかし昨今、小牧山城では、望楼はすでに主郭の御殿の屋根上に載っていた、という形の復元方法も推定イラスト等でよく見かけるようになって来ておりまして、果たしてこの城から「立体的御殿(天守)」は始まっていたのかどうか、まことに興味は尽きません。
そういう中では、前回と同じく、千田嘉博先生の次の一言もたいへん気になるところで、それは話題の「櫓台」について「この櫓はほかの主郭内の建物と、ひとつづきにつながっていた可能性が高いと思います」(『信長の城』)という見方です。
何故これが気になるかと申しますと、もし本当にそうなら、私はアレコレと連想が止まらなくなり、その果てに、ある “共通項” が浮かび上がるからなのです。
小牧山城の基壇状スペースに対応する位置の、安土城の「天主取付台」に着目しますと…
! ! … ご覧のとおり、小牧山城の基壇状のスペースに対応するかのような位置に、斜めに付櫓や本丸御殿が接続した天守が、この他にも色々と連想できまして、しかもそれらの位置関係については、これまでに(※小牧山城の大発見までに)何か指摘されたことは一度も無いだろう、という点がたいへん気になります。
そして「雁行(がんこう)」と言えば、私なんぞは城郭ファンとして、てっきり二条城の二ノ丸御殿で確立したスタイルとばかり思い込んでいたのですが、そうでもない、と言いますか、逆に、明らかな間違いなのだそうです。…
(川道麟太郎『雁行形の美学』2001年より)
雁行形の建築は近世においてその完成を見る。しかし、その形態を持つものがそれ以前になかったわけではない。むしろ相当に古くからあり、それが時代とともに発展し、近世に洗練され完成に至ったと考えるべきである。
(中略)
寝殿造も中国伝来の左右対称形の配置を踏襲するものも残るが、その一方で割合早い時期から、その配置形式を崩していたことがわかる。
さらに、15世紀初頭の応永度内裏を描いた町田本の洛中洛外図(部分)にもハッキリと…
「せいりやうてん」貼り札の上半分が紫宸殿、下半分が清涼殿。この絵は左が北
(前出本より)
平安期の火災以後、紫宸殿と清涼殿は、規模や形あるいは周囲の建物を変えながらも、雁行状の配置関係を一貫して変えることはない。
この紫宸殿と清涼殿の雁行配置の一貫性は、それが日本の権威の中枢にある象徴的な建物だけに、影響力もあったはずで、注目すべき点であると思われる。
この本の著者・川道麟太郎先生によりますと、古代から平安時代にかけて、内裏や寝殿造の建物群は(中国古来の四合院住宅の影響で)左右対称形で建てられていたものの、いわゆる国風文化の広がりとともに左右対称は崩れ、早くも宇多天皇の離宮・朱雀院(9世紀)で非対称が始まり、白河上皇の仙洞御所・鳥羽殿(11世紀)で日本人好みの典型的な「雁行」は始まっていた、と指摘しておられます。
その後は、一棟に機能を集約する「主殿」がいっとき現れたものの、再び複数の棟で機能を分ける「書院造」の普及によって「雁行」はいっそう広がりを見せ、われわれ城郭ファンにもおなじみの一乗谷朝倉氏館など、武士階級のステイタスとしても「雁行」形はすでに認知されていたようなのです。
ということは… ここからは私の勝手な空想が混じりますが、小牧山城の歴史的発見から見えて来た、御殿と望楼の雁行(の可能性)というのは、あえて巨石を並べた主郭石垣上の建築を、さらに “別格の存在” として建て込みたい、という意志の現れではなかったでしょうか。
< ここで再び大胆仮説
山頂の狭い「台」上に、絶対的な主君の館にふさわしく、
いっそのこと、ひとそろいの書院造の御殿群を建て込んでみたい… 。
ここに「立体的御殿」化が急務となった、直接の動機が見えるのではないか! ? >
「天守」はいかにして誕生したか、という大テーマは、当サイトにとってもこの上ない関心事です。
それが織田信長時代の小牧山城での発見を契機に、解明の糸口が見えて来るなら、まことに嬉しいかぎりですし、しかもその場合、山頂の「台」が不可欠の役割を演じていた可能性がありそうだということにも、思わず興奮してしまうのです。
(次回に続く)
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