「金頂」の御座としての最上階を想像する
(木戸雅寿「天主から天守へ」/『信長の城・秀吉の城』2007年より)
…天守とはいったいどう言う意味で作られ、それが何なのかということを、理解できている人はなかなかいない。天守がどういう成立過程を踏んでできてきたものなのかということを、お話いただけませんかというような話になりますと、これをなかなかうまく説明できる人は少ない。
実は今の城郭研究の分野の中でも、天守の研究はある意味、混とんとしている部分があり、そのような状況が続いております。
安土城発掘の木戸雅寿先生がシンポジウムでこう発言されたのは、当ブログがスタートした前々年でしたが、その「混とん」を打破する突破口の一つは、かつて内藤昌先生が安土城天主を評した言葉であり、かつ三浦正幸先生も改めて指摘された「立体的御殿」というキーワードに他ならないでしょう。
で、当ブログはご覧のように、織田信長が構想した「立体的御殿」の各階のねらい(性格づけ)について、あえて岐阜城の四階建て楼閣と山頂天守を一体化して、安土城天主につながる「七重」として考えることから、アレコレと申し上げて来ました。
その山頂天守は、宣教師の記録に「欧州の塔の如し。此より眺望すれば美濃の過半を見る」(日本西教史)と書かれた以上は、複数階の建物であったことは間違いないのでしょうが、二階以上(最上階)の具体的な様子に関しては文献上にヒントも残されておらず、関ヶ原合戦の頃の二重天守らしき絵図や、加納城に移築された御三階櫓の図などを除くと、あとはもう信長当時のこと(特に内部について)は想像でしか語ることが出来ません。
これはおそらく、山頂天守の二階は、日常的に出入りできた信長の家族しか目撃のチャンスも無く、それ以外の者は、断じて信長が立ち入らせなかったからではないかと感じています。
余談ながら、その観点で申しますと、フロイスとロレンソに茶を運んだ信長の「次男」「十一歳くらい」の「お茶箋(ちゃせん)」は申すまでもなく後の織田信雄であり、彼が本能寺の変の直後に、安土城主郭部に火を放ったとされているわけですから、やはり彼は、信長の天主の中で何かを見ていたのかもしれません。
(※なにしろ、前回の記事のごとく、もしも六重目がアマテラスとスサノオにちなんだ階だとすれば、その上の七重目は、これはもう「天地開闢(かいびゃく)」か何かの、この世の始まりを示した階か、それとも全く別の角度からのアプローチによる階だったのか…)
いずれにしましても、岐阜城の方の最上階は想像で語るしかない、となりますと、残る有効な手立ては「逆算」ということにならざるをえないでしょう。
当サイト仮説の安土城天主の六重目・七重目(最上階)
ご覧の金づくしの七重目は、松岡利郎先生の復元模型(→関連記事)に勇気をいただいてイラスト化したものですが、思えば何故、天主(立体的御殿)の最上階だけ金でおおわれたのか? その目的や由来は? という、当たり前のようで誰も真剣に問うたことの無い疑問に、こうなるとブチ当たらざるをえないようです。
そういう中で想起されるのは、かつて宮上茂隆先生が指摘された、かの「金閣」の本来の姿でしょう。
宮上先生の考察による本来の金閣(『週刊 朝日百科』日本の歴史1986年より引用)
同じ宮上先生の著書『金閣寺・銀閣寺』1992年によれば、応永4年の創建時から昭和25年の有名な放火焼失事件まで、金閣の二階は、内外ともに黒漆塗りの状態がずっと続いたのであり、総金箔張りは常に三階の最上階だけであったはず、としています。
しかし現実には、事件後の再建のおりに、寺外に流出して花生けに加工された一木片が金箔張りのような色をしていたことを根拠として(! ! …)、それは二階の隅木の古材であり、かつては二階も金箔張りであったと村田治郎博士らが考証して、そんな “過去の姿” を取りもどす名目で現状のように再建されました。
ですから、その再建方法に異論を唱えた宮上先生の指摘どおりならば、金閣もまた、本来は <金でおおわれたのは最上階だけ> であったことになります。
左写真:再建された現状の金閣
中国大陸の各地にある「金頂」
道教の総本山・武当山の金頂の金殿 / 峨眉山の金頂の金殿(近年の修築)
雲南省・鶏足山の金頂寺(近年の修築) / チベットのトゥルナン寺の金頂
そこで、ここでちょっと視点を変えまして、中国大陸の各地には、道教の山岳寺院を中心として、山頂の小堂だけを金でおおった銅製の建物(具体的には真武大帝の廟や観音堂など)にした「金頂」が、様々に設けられて来ました。
「金頂」というのは、厳密には山頂にある特定の場所を示す言葉のようで、本来は金色の建物や屋根だけを示す言葉ではなかったみたいですが、現実の漢字世界では例えばエルサレムの岩のドームなども「金頂」と言ってしまっていて、厳格ではありません。
またご覧の写真のうち、右下のトゥルナン寺は山頂に位置しているわけではありませんが、チベットのラサ(海抜は富士山頂とほぼ同じ)という立地を考慮すれば、どれも “極めて高い場所” であるのは間違いのないところです。
そして今回の記事の注目ポイントとしては、そうした山岳寺院の中で「金頂」が設けられた最高峰の山は、どれも「天柱峰」と呼ばれていることでしょう。
天柱峰の「天柱」には「この世を支える道義」という意味があるそうです。
ということは、言い直しますと、山岳寺院の中心に「この世」や「天」を支える「道義」のごとき「柱」である最高峰がそびえていて、その頂点に「金頂」が輝いていた、という関係になるわけです。
「金頂」と「天柱峰」はセットのような関係か…(写真は武当山の場合)
! ! これはお気付きのとおり、我々の「天守」という名称とも、一脈、通じているかのような現象であって、たいへんに興味深いことだと感じます。
冒頭の文章の木戸先生によれば、我が国で当初「殿主」「殿守」「天主」と様々に表記されていた「てんしゅ」が、「天守」という表記に統一されたのは豊臣政権の時だそうです。
ですから、日本国内の再統一を成し遂げた豊臣政権にとって、「天守」という表記が、もしも天柱峰と金頂の関係にヒントを得たものだったとするなら、それは取りも直さず、豊臣政権の安泰と永続性をねがう意図が込められた表記であったのでしょう。
天柱峰と、金頂と、我々の「天守」と…
このような関係に注目して想像力を働かせますと、その結果、どうしても申し上げておくべき核心部分の仮説に行き当たりまして、それはすなわち…
<織田信長が構想した天主(立体的御殿)は基本的に最頂部を金でおおうものであった>
ということです。! ! ? …
ふりかえって前述の「金閣」ですが、本来、金でおおわれたのは最上階だけ、という宮上先生の指摘に寄り添えば、放火事件後の再建された姿は一見、華やかで印象がいいようでいて、その実、「なぜ金で階をおおうのか?」という、そもそもの「意味」を解らなくしてしまったのではないか… その姿を見続ける現代人に、今後どれほどの(悪)影響を残すのだろうか… という思いもしてまいります。
そこで、そんな状況に一矢を報いるため、今回の記事の最後には、こんな想像を付け加えてみても構わないのではないでしょうか。
小牧山城や、岐阜城の山頂天守も、最上階はすでに金色に輝いていたはずである
何故なら、それが信長の「立体的御殿」の構想なのだから…
(次回に続く)
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