歴史的発言にまつわる疑惑 …保科正之の「天守はただ観望に備うるのみ」の「観望」は 古語には存在しない語句! ! ?



保科正之の「天守はただ観望に備うるのみ」の「観望」は
古語には存在しない語句! ! ?

当ブログの最近の記事は、言わば天守本来の「見せる天守」と「見せることは二の次の御三階櫓」との、時代をわける大転換が、話の背景にあったのだと申し上げていいのでしょう。

そうした大転換を語るうえで外せないのは、徳川三代将軍・家光があえて造替した江戸城の寛永度天守が、図らずも果たした役割だと思うのです。

江戸城の寛永度天守 / 歴博ギャラリー「江戸図屏風・左隻第1扇中上」より引用
(※破風の配置は元和度と混同していますが、その他は寛永度として描いたように思われます)

ご覧の寛永度天守は、天守の歴史においては、大変に特殊なカテゴリーをこの一基だけで生み出し、そこを独占していた天守(→関白や将軍など日本古来の伝統的な地位を得た者の本拠地の城に「五重天守」をもろに上げたのはこれだけ?…)ではないかと思うのですが、この天守は歴史上、もう一つ重要な意味をおびています。

それはご承知のとおり、明暦の大火による焼失が、天守の時代の終焉(えん)宣言を出させるきっかけになったことでしょう。

すなわち、将軍家光の異母弟・保科正之(ほしな まさゆき)が、幕府老中に対して、以下のように天守の再建を取りやめるよう献言したことで、江戸城はその後、天守のない府城となりました。
 
 
「天守は近世の事にて、実は軍用に益なく、唯 観望に備ふるのみ なり。これがために人力を費やすべからず」(寛政重修諸家譜)
 
 
これは例えば『続々群書類従 第三』にも正之の言行録があり、万治2年9月1日、明暦大火の被災から江戸城の再建が成功した旨の記述があって、その中にも同様の発言が載っています。

『続々群書類従 第三』の「土津霊神言行録 上」より

(※宮崎十三八編『保科正之のすべて』1992年での意訳)

「天守閣は織田信長公以来のものであり、ただ 観望するには便利である が、城の要害として必要なものではない。今はこのようなことに財を投じるときではなく、また、そのために公儀の普請が長びけば府下の士民が迷惑することになる」
 

しかし、この正之の歴史的献言の語句には “ある疑惑” が…

(※写真はサイト「西野神社 社務日誌」様からの引用です)

ところが、正之がそこで挙げた「理由」(現代語での意味)については、私はかねがね強い疑問を感じて来ておりまして、何故かと申しますと、天守が「軍用に役なく」とか「要害として必要でない」というのは当然だと思うものの、「唯観望に備ふるのみ」という理由づけは、当時の人の言葉として、ちょっと解(げ)せない、という印象があったからです。
 
 
と申しますのも、天守は、例えば籠城戦では真っ先に敵方の砲撃の的となり、戦闘が激化すればするほど「物見櫓」として役に立たなかっただろうことは、大津城の籠城戦の記録などを例に度々申し上げて来ました。

やはり天守はあくまで、平時の統治のための政治的モニュメントだったと思うのですが、それを言葉で表現するのに、正之の「城主の観望に備えるのみ」という言い方に限定してしまうのは、当事者としてちょっと言い過ぎ(おとしめ過ぎ)じゃないか… と感じていたところ、なんと、正之が言いたかった「観望」は、もっと別の漢字であらわすべき「かんぼう」だったのでは? という疑いが浮上したのです。!
 
 
 
<どの古語辞典で 探してみても「観望」という二文字は見当たらず、
 明治以来の国語辞典に「観望」は登場する、というミステリー… >

 
 

明治24年に初版の、大槻文彦著『大言海』1982年の新編版より

ご覧の国語辞典は、日本初の近代的な国語辞典『言海』がもとになって、版が重ねられて現在に至っている辞典ですが、ご覧のように「観望」という語句が(『史記』にも用例のある語として)ちゃんと載っています。
 
 
その一方で、実は、江戸時代までの「古語」を扱った古語辞典においては、どの出版社の、どの辞典を見ても、「観望」という二文字は、まるで見当たらない… ! ! という意外な事実があります。

つまり、古代から江戸時代までの人々は「観望」という二文字は日常的には使っていなかった?にも関わらず、保科正之は「観望に備ふるのみ」と語ったことになっている、という一種のミステリーがあるわけで、お疑いであれば是非とも、古語辞典をいくつかご覧になってみていただきたいのです。
 
 
そして上記の『大言海』に書かれた用例、特に最後の「形勢ヲ観望ス」などを見ますと、これはひょっとすると、「観望」という二文字は、日本では明治の帝国陸軍あたりの軍隊用語として生まれて、世間に普及したのでは…… とも邪推したくなるのですが、そんな中で、ふと、次の辞典を見つけてしまったのです。

江戸の住民が使っていた言葉を集めた、前田勇編『江戸語大辞典』1974年より

! ! … かんぼうは「観望」ではなく「幹貌」だったのか??

これを発見してから、私の疑いはググググッと深まったわけでして、この本では「かんぼう(幹貌)やつす」という熟語で紹介されてはいるものの、前述のとおり「観望」は古語になく、一方、この「幹貌=姿かたち」ならば江戸時代にちゃんと使われた可能性がある、となれば、もはやこの件を、まったく無視することは出来ないのではないでしょうか?
 
 
かくして、正之が語った「かんぼう」は「幹貌=姿かたち」であった、ということだとしますと、そのあとの「備ふる」はどういうことになるのか、たいへん気になるところで、古語辞典では「備ふ」は「欠けるところなくそろえる、整える」という意味であり、現代語のような「予期される事柄に準備する」といった意味は無いようです。

――― となれば「備ふるのみ」というのは、正確には、非常時にそなえて観望の機能を「準備する」のではなくて、常日頃から幹貌=姿かたちを「全部きれいに整えておくだけだ」と、正之は言いたかったのではないでしょうか。
 
 
【以上の結論として…】

 天守は近世の事にて、実は軍用に益なく、唯「幹貌」に備ふるのみなり。

このような解釈に立った場合、保科正之の献言の真意は、天守とは「ただ城の姿かたちを整えるだけのものだ」と言いたかったのであり、城主の眺望とか、物見櫓としての機能とは 無関係な話であったことになります。

それがどうして「観望」の二文字で現代に伝わったのかは、私には究明する能力も資格もありませんが、ここまで申し上げた事柄が妥当であるなら、正之の関心事は、まさに、火災焼失を機に「見せる天守」を否定しておきたい、という政治的な大局観であったことになり、歴史的な意味合いに重大な違いが生じるでしょう。

そして、そのためには “征夷大将軍の府城の巨大五重天守” という、まことに抑圧的な建築(=社会的・軍事的に固定化しつつある格差をなおも見せつける天守)を否定することこそ、いちばん効果的だろうと、正之は気づいたのではなかったでしょうか。

これは私の突飛な仮説を前提にした話ではありますが、革命記念碑というのは、体制を奪取する側のスローガンを体現するうちは人々の熱狂や狂気をかき立てるものの、やがて新体制が固定化するにつれて、人々から怨嗟(えんさ)の声があがり始めるのでしょう。

その点、「天守」というのは、我が国の社会において、必ずしも怨嗟の対象とはならなかったようで、そのあたりに、保科正之の深謀遠慮が効いたのではないかと勝手に思っているのですが。…
 
 
で、もちろんその正之が、自らの領国においては、分権統治の中心をなすシンボルとして、また徳川将軍家を支える松平一族の勢威を示すためにも、会津若松城「天守」をちゃんと保持し続けたのですから、正之は「天守」自体を否定したかったのではないと思うのです。

それはひとえに、新たな天下人の版図を示す「見せる」革命記念碑は、もういらない、という時代認識から出たことではないのか、と。
 

※ぜひ皆様の応援を。下のバナーに投票(クリック)をお願いします。

にほんブログ村 歴史ブログ 戦国時代へ

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※本日もご覧いただき、ありがとう御座いました。

“歴史的発言にまつわる疑惑 …保科正之の「天守はただ観望に備うるのみ」の「観望」は 古語には存在しない語句! ! ?” への444件のコメント

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