言いそびれてしまった聚楽第の話題を、一回だけ追加させて下さい


言いそびれてしまった聚楽第の話題を、一回だけ追加させて下さい

< 昨年の外堀跡の地中探査によって、聚楽第は
 「面積が従来の推定より約6割も大きかった」
  との報道がありましたが、そういう言い方は正しかったのか。

  むしろ逆に、築城当初よりも “小さくなっていた” !? のでは… >

またか、と思わずに、是非ともこの一回だけお読みいただきたいのですが、下記のような報道における「約6割も大きかった」という言い方(→比較のしかた)に対する疑問についてです。
 
 
日本経済新聞 電子版(2016/3/12)「聚楽第に大規模な外堀 京大など、表面波探査で確認」より

豊臣秀吉が京都に築いた城郭兼邸宅「聚楽第」跡で大規模な外堀の跡が確認され、面積が従来の推定より約6割も大きかったことが分かったと、京都大防災研究所や京都府教育委員会などの研究チームが12日までに発表した。

たびたび引用した当図も、同じ報道発表を扱った京都新聞のもの

ご覧の京都新聞産経ニュースなど、同じ報道発表を扱った記事でも「従来の約1.6倍に広がり」という風に、聚楽第の「面積」が変わったことを伝えておりまして、これはおそらく、京大防災研究所チームが発表した内容を、そのまま直裁に(細かい付帯情報をネグった形で)報道したからなのでしょうが、きっと城郭ファンの皆様は、この点で「アレッ?」とお感じになったことでしょう。

と言いますのも、ご承知のとおり、江戸時代に描かれた聚楽第の内堀の痕跡(京都図屏風/洛中洛外地図屏風)に比べれば、そこに外掘が加われば「6割も大きい」ということにもなるのでしょうが、そもそも、それ以前の豊臣秀吉の築城当時は、下記の絵図のごとき “さらなる広がり” があったことは、城郭ファンの間では、常識の事柄だからです。

広島市立中央図書館蔵『諸国古城之図』山城 聚楽

ですから「6割も大きかった」という言い方は、こうした予備知識がまったく無い一般の方々に対しては、間違った情報伝達(ミスリード)をしてしまったのかもしれません。

歴史の真相としては、豊臣秀次による「外掘」の築造(今回の発見)で聚楽第は「6割も大きかった」かどうかは、極めて疑わしく、むしろやや “小さくなった” のではなかったか―――という気さえ、私なんぞはしてならないのです。

ここで基礎的な確認事項とすべきは、秀吉時代の「外郭」と秀次時代の「外堀」はもちろん別次元のものであり、なおかつ、秀吉時代の「外郭」と上記絵図の黒い太線(石垣をともなった築地塀の類いか?)もまた別のものであった可能性を考慮しなければならず、その場合、我々が「外郭」と呼んで来たのは、上記絵図で申せば、徳川「家康公」屋敷なども含んだ武家屋敷街の全体を指していたのかもしれない、という点でしょう。

そんな「外郭」の広さ(面積)については、聚楽第をずっと研究して来られた森島康雄先生でさえ、「考定作業は極めて困難である」(『豊臣秀吉と京都』)という風に、ザックリとした推定もおっしゃってはいない状態です。

そんな中で、かつて『地理から見た信長・秀吉・家康の戦略』等で話題になった人文地理学者の故・足利健亮(あしかが けんりょう)先生は、著書に思い切った想定図をのせておりまして、それを見た当時は、私なんぞは「本当かなぁ…」と首をかしげたものですが、現在に至ってみると、足利先生が想定した広大な外郭が、かえって説得力を持って来たようにも感じられるのです。…

足利健亮編『京都歴史アトラス』1994年(販価6500円…図書館でどうぞ)

(同書より)

聚楽第の広さについては、「中四方千間」、つまり、周囲1000間(1800メートル)と記す史料(『兼見卿記』)と、「四方三千歩の石のついがき山のごとし」、つまり、周囲3000間(5400メートル)と記す史料(『聚楽行幸記』)の2つがあり、これによって内郭と外郭、すなわち文字通り大規模な「城郭」構造であったことがわかる。
(中略)
内城の外は有力大名の屋敷地区で、それが外郭をなしていたと考えられる。外郭の広がりは、東を堀川、西を千本、北を元誓願寺、南を押小路で囲まれる5400メートルの外周長をもつものであったと推定される。
 
 
こんな足利先生のきっぷのいい?見立てと同書掲載の想定図を参照しつつ、そこに京大防災研究所による内堀・外堀を合わせて地図上に示しますと、なんと、なんと…

! ! 後の二条城までもがすっぽりと収まる範囲が「外郭」(=武家屋敷街の全体?)であったのだとしていて、一方の小さい方(『兼見卿記』)の外周1800メートルというのは、本丸と南二ノ丸・西ノ丸・北ノ丸だけをぐるっと囲んだ範囲が1800メートル強にあたるのだと、足利先生は解説していました。

したがって、聚楽第の面積をその小さい方で考えた場合は、秀次時代の「外掘」を加えた範囲がやや広くなりますから、報道のとおりに、外堀の出現で聚楽第は以前より「大きかった」(大きくなった)ことになります。
 
 
ですが、その小さい方では、とても有力大名の屋敷街を囲い込むことは出来ませんので、やはり大きい方(『聚楽行幸記』)を考えざるをえなくなり、その場合は、上記の図のごとく、秀次ら主従は、外郭(二ノ丸)北部の大名屋敷を “食いつぶす” 形で、「外堀」をせっせと掘って巡らせたことになるわけです。!!

――― となれば、報道の「6割も大きかった」という言い方じたいが、本当に意味があったのか?…という気がして来ませんでしょうか。

むしろ実態に合った言い方としては、“城をスリムに凝縮(ぎょうしゅく)した” とか “大名屋敷を切り捨てて、二重の掘を実現したのだ” といった言い方のほうが、まだ正しいように思えてしまうのです。

では最後に、少々乱暴なやり方ですが、上記の足利先生の「外郭」を示した図と、右側に並べた『諸国古城之図』山城 聚楽とを “合体” させると、果たしてどうなるでしょう。

基本方針は「本丸北西隅の天守台の付け根」と「堀川」をうまく合致させるようにして、そのため『諸国古城之図』の右側はやや幅をせばめ、左側はやや幅を広めるなどしつつ、見た目の違和感が無いようにダブらせますと…

これの左側は、地図や絵図を3枚も重ねた状態ですので、見づらいことこの上なくて恐縮ですが、じっと目をこらしてご覧いただきますと、色んな “符号点” が見えてまいります。

例えば、何故か、築城当初の状態と言われる『諸国古城之図』の本丸とその南側の馬出し曲輪が、実際の探査で判明してきた縦長の本丸の範囲に、ピッタリと収まってしまうこと。(→下図も参照。改築の疑い?)

しかも、黒門通は、この通りの下長者町付近に聚楽第の「くろがね門」があったことが由来と言われますが、ご覧の合体図では、まさに黒門通と下長者町通の交差点の東側(=外側/猪熊通にも近い地点)で、例の黒い太線上の東門がしっかりとダブって来ること。

(※そのうえ、秀次時代の「外掘」の一部が、その東側すぐの場所を遮断!!している点は、何かゆゆしき事態を示唆しているのか… それともこれは秀吉時代から在る、『探幽縮図』にも描かれた「橋」の証拠なのでしょうか?)

そしてこの場合、前出の徳川「家康公」屋敷と、後に家康自身が築いた二条城とは、ほとんど同じ位置(二条通の北側ないしは突き当たった場所)にあたり、しかも外郭ラインの南東隅を利用して築城を行なった可能性がうかがえる(→まことに家康らしい、二条城の選地の動機か)という、思わぬ結果まで見えて来るのですが…。

※当サイトはリンクフリーです。
※本日もご覧いただき、ありがとう御座いました。

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