天守はなぜ「立体的御殿」だったか？という大問題

安土城天主 165件のコメント

天守はなぜ「立体的御殿」だったか？という大問題

三浦正幸監修『すぐわかる 日本の城』２００９

先月に発行されたこの本も、広島大学大学院の三浦正幸先生の監修による解説書の一つですが、こうした本をめくっていると、自分が見落としていた点を色々と気づかせてくれます。

特にこの本は「天守」にかなりページを割いていて、「建築編」の扉にある一文には、思わずビビッ！と反応してしまいました。

（同書より）
天守は信長が創案した 立体的御殿で、日本人が初めて住んだ高層建築でもあった。
　
　
「天守は立体的御殿」という規定の仕方は、故・宮上茂隆先生もそのようなニュアンスの発言をされたように記憶していますが、それでは何故、“立体的に” 御殿を建てる必要があったのか？ という問題意識が即座にわいて来ます。

何故なら、天主と平屋の御殿は、安土城でも、両方が並存して建てられていたからです。

例えば三浦先生の以前の監修本において、安土城の伝二ノ丸には絢爛豪華な「表御殿」があったはず、という重要な指摘がありましたが、それは平屋建ての御殿であって、その隣りには「立体的御殿」の天主が“堂々と並存していた”わけで、そうした中で、「天守は御殿を立体的に重ねた日本初の居住用高層建築」と言うだけでは、両者は何を差異としていたのか、分からなくなってしまいます。

高知城の天守と本丸御殿

現代人は天守と御殿が並び建つ風景を見慣れているためか、それに殆ど疑問を感じませんが、御殿を “立体的に建てる” には、それ相応の用途や理由づけがあったはずで、それは平屋の御殿とは明らかに違うものだったはずです。

でなければ、安土城をはじめ各地の城で、天守と御殿が別途に（幕末まで３００年近くも）並び続けたことを説明できず、この問題では、三浦先生に「先生、もう一声！」と申し上げたくなるような、ある種のもどかしさが残るのです。

その「蔵」は各重ごとに中二階を設け、正倉院と同じ床面積を実現した！？

さて、当ブログは、天主がなぜ “立体的な” 高層建築になったか、という問題について――

安土城天主中心部の「高さ１２間余の蔵」と正倉院との床面積の符合や、有名な「蘭奢待」事件当時の信長の不審な行動から、七重の安土城天主は、そもそも正倉院宝物を収奪するための「蔵」であり、その上の七重目に信長自身が座するための「政治的装置」であって、そのための七階建てだったのでは…

という仮説を申し上げています。
　
　
思うに、信長は一番大事なことを見事に言わなかった人物のようで、余計な事柄までポンポン発言した豊臣秀吉に比べますと、事を起こす前の発言や行動にたいへん慎重だったため、信長が創造した「天主」についても、多くを推理で補わなくてはなりません。

その意味では、後継者の秀吉が建てた大坂城天守も、実際は、各階が「宝物蔵」として機能していた事実は、見逃せない重要なポイントでしょう。

そしてその後の諸大名の天守は、納めるべき宝物も無いためか、外観のみが目的（格式）となって、中身はただのガランドウと化していった、と言うことが出来るのかもしれません。

繰り返すようですが、「居住用の御殿がしだいに整備されたため、天守に住まなくなった」という説明だけでは、安土城の初めから、天守と御殿が並存し続けたことに、スッキリと答えられないのではないでしょうか？

さて、これまでずっと安土城天主について、「蔵」部分だけの “透視図” をご覧いただきましたが、試しに『天守指図』新解釈による三重目から五重目の平面図を加えてみますと、ご覧のとおり、建物のボリュームが格段に増加します。

こうした「蔵」を取り巻く「居室」空間においても、信長は “思わぬ使い方” をしていたことが、文献や『天守指図』から浮かび上がって来るのです。

三国志の英雄・曹操（そう そう）と宮殿「銅雀台」跡（河北省）

そこで余談ながら、織田信長と曹操は、似たようなキャラクターで描かれることの多い二人ですが、その曹操が、本拠地の鄴（ぎょう）城に建てた宮殿「銅雀台」は、高さが「十六丈」（約３３ｍ）と伝わっています。

日本と中国では「丈」という単位の長さが違いますが、奇しくも「十六」という数字が、安土城天主の高さ「十六間半」と通じていて、妙なつながりを見せています。

信長はそうした中国趣味と言いますか、中国の伝統文化に対する強い憧れを持ち続けたことは、故・宮上茂隆先生も強調された点で、それは「天主の高層化」とも無縁ではなかったような気がするのですが…。
　
　
次回は、そうした信長の心の奥底の動機に、スポットを当ててみたいと思います。
　

※ぜひ皆様の応援を。下のバナーに投票（クリック）をお願いします。
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※当サイトはリンクフリーです。
※本日もご覧いただき、ありがとう御座いました。

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