秀吉時代の大坂城が出来るまで－工程の推理(１)

豊臣大坂城・石山本願寺城・徳川再建大坂城 123件のコメント


秀吉時代の大坂城が出来るまで－工程の推理(１)－

越年でお届けした２０１０年度リポートは、ご覧のイラストの解説が間に合っておりませんで、今回からその補足説明をしてまいります。
　
　
　
＜工程の仮説１．基本的な縄張りは石山本願寺城をそのまま踏襲したはず＞
　
　
　
まずは、ルイス・フロイスが伝えた大坂築城のくだりの一部です。

（『完訳フロイス日本史』松田毅一・川崎桃太訳より）

旧城の城壁や濠は、このようにすべて新たに構築された。そして宝物を貯え、武器や兵糧を収容する多数の大いなる地下室があったが、それらの古い部分は皆新たに改造され、警備のために周囲に設けられた砦は、その考案と美観においてやはり新建築に属し、とりわけ天守閣は遠くから望見できる建物で大いなる華麗さと宏壮さを誇示していた。
　
　
ご覧のように、豊臣秀吉の大坂城の前身が石山本願寺（「旧城」）であったことは確実ですが、構造（縄張り）的にどこまで関連があったのかは明確でありません。

そうした中で、当サイトは、豊臣大坂城の築城当初の構造は “石山本願寺と殆ど変わらなかった（！）のではないか” という仮説を申し上げております。

それは上記の文章にも拠りますし、さらには…

ご覧の図の右側は、本願寺がその昔、大坂に本拠地を移す以前の「山科本願寺」の様子でして、周囲には巨大な土塁と堀をめぐらした国内有数の要害でした。

そして左の青い部分が、リポートで申し上げた大坂築城当初の範囲であり、この両者の相似形には、本願寺側の一貫した着想（つまり両方とも本願寺の普請だった可能性）が感じられてならないからです。

（※これは当ブログの記事「大坂城に隠された、もう一つの相似形」でも申し上げた件です。）
　
　
で今回、是非とも付け加えたいのが、石山本願寺にも “相当な数の櫓が林立していた” 可能性があることです。

松岡利郎先生の指摘によりますと、天文１０年（１５４１年）の寺側の記録に「寺中之櫓悉吹倒之、只五相残」（『証如上人日記』）とあるそうで、櫓がことごとく倒れ、たった五棟だけが残った、というのですから、通常はいったい何十棟(！？)の櫓が建ち並んでいたのでしょうか。

これも先程のフロイスの報告「警備のために周囲に設けられた砦は、その考案と美観においてやはり新建築に属し」という文章と突き合せて考えますと、櫓について秀吉がやったことは、新しく織豊城郭の手法を駆使しつつも、同じ場所（の石垣上）に櫓を再建しただけではないのか… といった疑いが深まるのです。

（『天正記（柴田退治記）』より）

唯今成す所の大坂の普請は、先づ天守の土台也。其高さ莫大にて、四方八角、白壁翠屏の如し
　
　
リポートでも引用したこの文章の「翠屏（すいへい）」は屏風のことですから、城には「四方八角」の天守がそびえ立ち、石垣の上に白漆喰の櫓や塀が「屏風のごとく」幾重にも屈曲しながら連なっていたことが推測できます。

その辺は、まさに「新建築」や「天守閣」で人々を驚かそうとした秀吉のねらい通りだったのかもしれません。

さて、ちなみにフロイスもまた、秀吉時代の大坂城が “北を大手としていた” 可能性をほのめかしていて、この機会に是非ともご紹介いたしましょう

それは秀吉が大坂遷都を断念した後、その空いた土地（天満）に、再び本願寺を呼び戻した時の報告文です。

（『完訳フロイス日本史』より）

筑前殿は、本章の冒頭で述べたように雑賀に移っていた大坂の仏僧（顕如）に対しては、彼が悪事をなさず、なんらの裏切りなり暴動をなさぬようにと、川向うにあたり、秀吉の宮殿の前方の孤立した低地（中之島、天満）に居住することを命じたが…
　
　
このようにフロイスは、天満を「宮殿の前方の」とさり気なく形容していて、「背後」とか「裏」とかいった言葉は、決して用いていないのです。！

現在の京橋と復興天守閣 → これが城本来の正面（北）からの景観か？

　
　
＜工程の仮説２．大規模な石垣工事で会津若松城に酷似した連郭式の城へ＞
　
　
　
申し上げたように、秀吉の最初の大坂築城工事とは、土塁づくりの旧城を、石垣や白壁や天守のある新式の城に「改装」したことに他ならないようです。

そして出来上がった大坂城は、《本丸－二ノ丸－三ノ丸》と曲輪が連なる「連郭式」の城として、現存の会津若松城にそっくりな縄張りであったように思われます。

（※左の大坂城の曲輪は通例のままの名称で、これが築城当初は、本丸－二ノ丸－三ノ丸であったはずです。）

いま会津若松城の話題と言いますと、江戸後期の旧観を取り戻すべく「赤瓦」への改修が終わったところで、三月には記念のイベントが開かれるそうです。

会津若松市観光公社のＨＰより

こうした天守の雄姿は、遠くからも、例えば会津若松の駅の方からやって来る場合も、時おり、建物の間に天守を望見することが出来ます。

ところが城の東側、二ノ丸・三ノ丸の側から城に近づく場合は、フッと、いつの間にか天守が全く見えなくなる区域があり、やっと本丸に至る「廊下橋」の辺りに来ても、天守はまことに見えづらいままなのです。

これはまるで…

同じく、天守が見えにくい大阪城二ノ丸南西の大手口

このように、天守をしっかり見せる必要の無い方角…… それは本来ならば、身内や家中に連なる者供が控える区域であったはず―― そんな風に思えてならないのですが…。

（次回に続く）

※ぜひ皆様の応援を。下のバナーに投票（クリック）をお願いします。
にほんブログ村 歴史ブログ 戦国時代へ
人気ブログランキングへ
※当サイトはリンクフリーです。
※本日もご覧いただき、ありがとう御座いました。

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