大坂城天守は「倒壊」したのか　イエズス会士の意味深な報告文

豊臣大坂城・石山本願寺城・徳川再建大坂城 156件のコメント


大坂城天守は「倒壊」したのか　イエズス会士の意味深(いみしん)な報告文

すでにご承知のとおり、当サイトの出発点になった発想は、ご覧の豊臣大坂城の天守には、豊臣秀吉が創建した十尺間の望楼型天守と、二代目の秀頼（ひでより）が再建した層塔型の唐破風屋根の天守があり、それらは屏風絵に描かれ、それぞれに「天守」の時代的な変遷（変質）を体現していたのではないか――― というものです。

で、この発想の支えになっている史料は、有名な文禄５年（慶長元年）閏７月の「慶長伏見地震」によって、伏見城だけでなく、大坂城の天守も「倒れた」「全部倒壊」云々という被災状況が記された宣教師（イエズス会士）の報告書です。
　
　
かつて黒田慶一先生は、そうした一連の報告書をもとに欧州で出版されたＪ・クラッセの『日本教会史』（邦題『日本西教史』）に触れつつ、大坂城天守の “改修” の可能性について言及されました。

そして当サイトも、やはり慶長伏見地震で秀吉の大坂城天守は大きく被災し、そのことが秀頼の再建につながったのだろうと想定しています。

この基本的な考え方は微動だにしないものの、ただし例の「豊臣大名の天守マップ」（慶長３年当時）には、クッキリと「豊臣大坂城」を記入しておりまして、この一見矛盾するような表示について、今回は若干のご説明（釈明？）を申し上げたいと思います。

（ジアン・クラセ『日本西教史』太政官翻訳より）

太閤殿下の宮殿は大廈高楼盡く壊れ、彼の千畳座敷竝（ならび）に城櫓二箇所倒れたり。此（この）櫓は七八層にして各譙楼（しょうろう）あり。
　
　
これは『日本西教史』の大坂城天守の被災についての短い文章で、これだけの文面ですと、「倒れた」のが天守だと解釈されても仕方がないような書き方です。

と申しますのも、原書の『日本教会史』が出版されたのは１６８９年、慶長伏見地震からは９０年ほど後のことでして、そこでよりオリジナルな報告文をたどりますと、まさに地震の年に、ルイス・フロイスが書き送った「１５９６年度年報補筆」というものがあります。

これは大坂にいた司祭や、京の都にいた別の司祭（フランチェスコ・ペレス）が地震の２週間後にまとめた報告文をもとに、豊臣政権下の出来事をフロイスが長崎から書き送った報告書（グレゴリオ暦の９月１８日都発信、１２月２８日長崎発信）であり、大坂城天守の被災状況がより詳細に語られています。

（松田毅一監訳『十六・七世紀イエズス会日本報告集』第Ⅰ期第２巻／１５９６年度年報補筆より）

私はその地震によって生じた破壊を一部分は自ら目撃したし、また一部分はそこに居住しているキリシタンたちの口から知った。
（中略）
天守（閣）と呼ばれる七層から成るすべての中でもっとも高い宮殿の城郭（propugnaculum）は倒壊はしなかったが、非常に揺れたために誰もそこに住まおうとせず、また全部を取り壊さぬ限り修復できない。
同様のことは城郭の他のほとんどすべての諸建築物に及んだが、太閤はそれらの中にいて、それらの建築物の美麗さと絢爛さと輝かしい装飾を楽しんでいたのであった。
（中略）
最後に、すべての中で一番高く、私が言ったように、七層にまで積まれ、その修復のために最終的な手が加えられ、すべてを金箔でめぐらした居間〔そこから（太閤）は非常に絢爛たる装備と隊伍を組んで凱旋行列する十五万の歩兵と騎馬を、シナ使節たちに見せるために展開させるように決めていた〕を有するあの塔（turris）は、半時してから全部倒壊した。
　
　
というように、こちらの報告文ですと、被災当時の様子をある程度つかむことができ、大坂城天守は初め「倒壊はしなかった」ものの、「半時してから全部倒壊した」と述べられています。

しかしこれをあえて厳しい目で見た場合、詳細でありながらチョットおかしな所があって、それは中段部分で「誰もそこに住まおうとせず」「取り壊さぬ限り修復できない」「太閤はそれらの中にいて…楽しんでいた」などと、多少 “日数のかかる事柄” を述べておきながら、最後の部分で、唐突に「半時してから全部倒壊した」としている点です。
　
　
これは何故なのか？と邪推をめぐらせますと、この慶長伏見地震を含む一連の長い文章が、第１から第４の「不思議な兆候」という話（体裁）でくくられていて、その第４の「兆候」が慶長伏見地震になっているのです。

第１の兆候……７月、都に大量の灰が降り、大坂に赤みがかった砂が降った
第２の兆候……その後、都と北陸に大量の白い毛髪が降った
第３の兆候……８月、長い光芒を放つ彗星が約２週間、北西の空に現れた
第４の兆候……９月、大地震が秀吉のいる伏見を最も激しく破壊した

この体裁は『日本西教史』にも若干反映されていて、さながらソドムとゴモラ… 神の裁きで滅びた都市のように、高慢華美な秀吉の伏見城や都の大寺院がついに打ち砕かれた、というトーンで一連の文章がまとめられている感があります。

描かれたソドムとゴモラの物語（ジョン・マーティン作／１８５４年／部分）


　同　（アルブレヒト・デューラー作／１４９８年／部分）

Free Christ Images/Sodom and Gomorrah

（上記書／１５９６年度年報補筆より）

願わくは、我らの主なるデウスがこれらの不思議な兆候によって、人々の心にデウスの御威光に対するより大いなる畏怖と愛とが、またデウスの諸律法のよりいっそう熱心な遵守が励まされるよう、その御恩恵を分かち与え給うように、と希求する次第である。
　
　
フロイスはこのように「兆候」の成果が得られるよう願っていて、やはりこの年に再び禁教令を出した秀吉に対して、より明確に、神の裁きが下ったことを伝えたい、という心理が働いたことは間違いないでしょう。

そしてフロイス（もしくは大坂や都の司祭）は、いわゆる修辞法（しゅうじほう／言葉を巧みに用いて効果的に表現すること）に最大限の努力をはらったのではないでしょうか。

描かれたソドムとゴモラの物語（ベンジャミン・ウエスト作／１８１０年／部分）

Free Christ Images/Sodom and Gomorrah

そしてこの年報補筆には、一方の秀吉が、地震国日本の立場を説いたエピソードも紹介されています。

それは、宣教師を敵視していた仏僧が「地震の災禍はキリシタンのせいだ」と秀吉に訴えたとき、秀吉はその仏僧にこう答えたと、フロイスが年報補筆に書き加えた部分でして、これがなかなか興味深いので、やや長文ですが是非ご一読いただけますでしょうか。

（上記書／１５９６年度年報補筆より）

太閤は本性が賢明で判断力において鋭敏な人間であり、あらゆる風説によって各種の人々の勧めによって己れを欺瞞に導くことを少しも許さず、たとえ我らに対しての愛情または同情によって決して動かされることはなかったとはいえ、彼は次のように答えた。
「汝らは何を言っているのか、判っていない。なぜならもしこれらのこと（地震の災禍）が我らの先祖の時代に決して起こったことのない、日本国前代未聞のことならば、汝らが主張していることは全き真実であると予は思うであろう。しかし歴史上の諸々の古記録によれば、当諸国においては大きな恐るべき地震と震動は何度も何度も生じたことが明白であり、その時にはかの連中（宣教師たち）はまだ日本へは来ていなかったし、かの（デウスの）律法については何も考えられていなかったのであるから、汝らはこうした理由で今回の事件（地震）の原因をかれら（キリシタンたち）に帰することができると思うのか」と。
　
　
地震国日本の宿命を説いて、豊臣政権のダメージをやわらげたい、という下心を持った秀吉に対して、ちょっと同情を寄せたような報告文ですが、ただしこの文面においても、なおも、フロイスは「修辞法」の類を駆使した節があります。

と申しますのは、例えば新約聖書「ペトロの手紙第２」にもこれと似たようなフレーズがあるからです。

（日本聖書協会「聖書 新共同訳」ペトロの手紙第２より）

まず、次のことを知っていなさい。終わりの時には、欲望の赴くままに生活してあざける者たちが現れ、あざけって、こう言います。
「主が来るという約束は、いったいどうなったのだ。父たちが死んでこのかた、世の中のことは、天地創造の初めから何一つ変わらないではないか。」
　
　
これは不信心な者の典型的な “言い草” を挙げたエピソードですが、宣教師の間であれば、ご覧の二つのフレーズが似ていることは、即座に思い当たるでしょう。

つまり地震国日本の宿命を語った秀吉と、「あざける者」とが、ともに「何も変わりはしない」と言い張る未教化の輩（やから）として、同一視できるような形で書かれているわけです。

描かれたソドムとゴモラの物語（ジャン＝バティスト・カミーユ・コロー作／１８５７年）

Free Christ Images/Sodom and Gomorrah

今回ご紹介した「１５９６年度年報補筆」は、地震の直後に書かれた報告文でありながら（否、その時代の利害関係者が直接に関わっていたからか）前述の第１～第４の兆候といい、秀吉の発言の取り上げられ方といい、巧みな修辞法によって、神の裁きが下ったことが浮き彫りになっています。

そうした傾向を注視するなら、問題の、年報補筆の最後の唐突なくだり（「全部倒壊した」）もまた、フロイスらの修辞法（付け足し）だったのではないか… という疑惑が感じられて来ます。
　
　
となれば、秀吉の大坂城天守は、実際には、年報補筆の中段の「倒壊はしなかったが、非常に揺れたために誰もそこに住まおうとせず、また全部を取り壊さぬ限り修復できない」という状態が、地震の日から、ひょっとすると秀吉の死まで、約２年間（！）誰も口出しできずに、そのまま放置されていたのではないか―― とも思われて来るのです。

以上のような疑惑から、例の天守マップにあえて「豊臣大坂城」を表示することにした次第です。
　
　
で、最後にもう一つだけ付け加えますと、下の中井家蔵『本丸図』は、そうした満身創痍（まんしんそうい）の豊臣大坂城を、二代目・秀頼のために大改修する青写真だったようにも思えるのです。

（ご参考→２０１０年度リポート）

※ぜひ皆様の応援を。下のバナーに投票（クリック）をお願いします。
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