信長の本心…障壁画は見栄えよりも「文字化伝達」が最大の目的だったか

安土城天主 306件のコメント


信長の本心…障壁画は見栄えよりも「文字化伝達」が最大の目的だったか

このところ申し上げてきた安土城天主の内部の薄暗さと、その各階が狩野永徳らの障壁画で埋め尽くされたことの「矛盾」は、安土城の未解決の研究課題の一つです。

前々回、当サイトの仮説では、各階の薄暗さ（明るさ）はかなり違っていて、「そういう各階を埋め尽くした障壁画は、じつは実際の鑑賞（見栄え）は二の次であって、別の主たる目的が先行した結果ではないのか」と申し上げました。
　
　
今回はこの「別の主たる目的」のお話でして、思えば、織田信長が命じた襖絵の記録のおかげで、２１世紀の我々までそれらの画題を（天主全体の復元案は諸説あるのに…）正確に把握できるというのは、チョット不思議な感じがします。

そこで強く思うのは、信長はじつは（後世への記念などではなく）同時代の人物に向けて画題の「文字化」を行ったのではあるまいか！？… という疑惑でして、つまり各部屋の襖絵が詳しく記録されたのは、その記録が ＜特定の人物らに読まれることを大前提にしていた＞ のではなかったのか？？

ひいては、それこそが、信長の天主建造の目的の一つでもあったのではあるまいか？ という、「立体的御殿」誕生の深層に関わるお話なのです。
　

大西廣・太田昌子『朝日百科　安土城の中の「天下」』１９９５年

安土城天主の障壁画と言えば、今なおこの本が多くの示唆を与えてくれるようで、今回のブログ記事の主旨をインスパイアしてくれたのも、この本です。

で、Ａ氏とＢ氏の対話形式で書かれた本文から、興味深い部分を何箇所か、順に抜き書きさせていただきますと…
　
　
Ａ「ぼくが感じるいちばん大きなジレンマは、肝腎の襖絵は何も残っていないにもかかわらず、一方の文字史料の方、とくに太田牛一の書き残した『信長公記』の記述からは、地上六階の各階のすべての主題が、じつに細々と、部屋ごとの一々の画題から、全体構成のシステムにいたるまで、驚くほどはっきりとつかめるということなんだ」
（中略）
Ｂ「私はここでも、「書き手の眼」ということが大事だと思う。面白いのは、『信長公記』諸本のうちでも、テキストがいちばんオリジナルに近いとされる『安土日記』では（中略）記述の順番がまったく逆になっていることね。天守の最上階からはじめて、段々と下に降りてゆくという順になっている。上から下へというのは、これ、どう考えても案内コースとは思えない」
　
　
と最初に挙げましたように、やはり襖絵の画題（つまり部屋の格式）が一々正確に把握できて、しかもそれらが元々は最上階から記録された、という点が検討の出発点にもなっています。
　
　
ご承知のように『安土日記』の問題の部分は、描写の仕方が相阿弥（そうあみ）の座敷飾りの秘伝書『御飾書』（おかざりしょ）にならったもの、という指摘がかつて宮上茂隆先生からありました。

でもそれらが何故、最上階から始まっていたかについては、「信長の安土城天主の構想の中心が最上階にあったことを反映したものだろう」（『安土城天主の復原とその史料に就いて』）といった言及にとどまっています。
　
　
確かにその『安土日記』によれば、狩野永徳が独力で障壁画を描いたのは最上階だけであって、（それ以外は子の光信らとの分業で）最上階が極めて重要だったことがうかがえます。

その辺りを再び、前掲書『安土城の中の「天下」』から抜き書きしますと…
　
　
Ｂ「日本における権力中枢のイメージ環境の歴史を振り返ってみると、意外にもというか、案の定というべきか、安土城というのは平安の内裏の復活だったのではないかという気がしてくる」
Ａ「確かに、安土城最上層の、三皇五帝をはじめとする、神話時代の聖天子や、孔子および孔門十哲の図など、ぼくのいうチャイニーズ・ロアの図像は、内裏の賢聖障子（けんじょうのしょうじ）にそのままつながるものを持っている」

ご存知、賢聖障子は、紫宸殿の天皇御座の後ろに立てられた、中国古代の名臣ら３２名の立像！の肖像画（→ご参考：京都御所紫宸殿賢聖障子絵画綴／東京都立図書館）等を描いた９枚の幅広の襖で、漢の成帝が行った同様の事績に基いているそうです。

で、それが安土城天主の最上階の画題につながる… のだとしたら、信長のねらいは明々白々ということにもなるでしょう。
　
　
問題の村井貞勝らの天主拝見は「天正七年正月二十五日すなわち天主作事完了直後にしていまだ信長正式移徒（いし）のおこなわれない時期の間隙をぬって特別に許可された」（内藤昌『復元・安土城』）そうですから、画題の文字化は、天主の建造と一連の、重要プロジェクトであったのかもしれません。

そして何が何でも最上階の七重目（『安土日記』では「上一重」）を真っ先に語らせたい、一階から始める普通の見聞録のような書き方は許さない、という信長の強い意思が、貞勝の筆に作用したことも間違いなさそうです。

そこで気になるのが前掲書『安土城の中の「天下」』の次の部分でして…
　
　
Ｂ「それにしても、内裏のイメージ環境については、これまで問われるべくして問われたことのない、重大な問題が一つある。日本の政治中枢でありながら、なぜ日本の神話が描かれなかったのかということ」
（中略）
Ｂ「世の始まりは、アマテラスではなく、三皇五帝であるということよね。いかにも神話よろしく、人びとは、その三皇五帝を、二重、三重のイメージをもって捉えていた。まさに禅僧らの漢詩を通して、あるいは『太平記』を通して。そして謡曲では、「三皇五帝の昔より……」などというのが、決まり文句にさえなっていたのよね」
Ａ「戦国武将たちが、『太平記』を通して、三皇五帝を語るときには、しかし、さらにもう一つの側面があったのではないだろうか。謡曲の決まり文句のように、太平の世の枕詞として出てくるのとは裏腹に、『太平記』の中では、今の世の、乱世に対する批判として、三皇五帝の世を称揚するといった感が強い」
　
　
ああやはり… という感想でして、信長もまた「乱世に対する批判として、三皇五帝の世を称揚」していた、となれば、信長の天主の創造をめぐる様々な事柄が一気に焦点を結ぶような思いがいたします。

近年よく言われるとおり、戦国大名の中で信長たった一人だけが、戦国の世の統一（分裂国家の再統一）という遠大な目標をスローガンに掲げた（「天下布武」）わけで、そうした覚悟と「立体的御殿」も深く結びついていた可能性があったことになるからです。
　
　
すなわち皇帝の館に見立てた安土城天主の障壁画、とりわけ最上階に掲げた三皇五帝らの絵とその「文字化」は、それらを伝達されてもなお織田の軍門に降ろうとしない戦国大名（特に足利義昭を担ぐ地域勢力）は、いずれ「朝敵」として討ち果たす、首を洗って待っていろ、という恫喝を（絵画と建築という芸術を通じて！）行ったものではなかったのでしょうか。
　
　
信長という人の特異性をつくづく感じるのはこんな所でして、現に信長最後の武田勝頼の討伐戦は「朝敵」として行ったとも言われますし、信長は本当に大事なことは全部言わずじまいで死んだ武将、という思いがしてなりません。

そこで以上の結論として、たとえ安土城天主に「彩色豊かな障壁画」があったとしても、それらは「文字」で画題の上下関係（体制転換の指針）を伝えることが第一の役割であり、そのための「立体的御殿」でもあり、実際の各部屋は防備優先のままで、書院造のような明るさは求められていなかった！ という結論になりそうなのです。

では豊臣秀吉の場合は…／大阪城天守閣蔵『大坂城図屏風』と当サイトのイラストより

さて、そうなりますと、信長の後継者・秀吉は、＜そんな安土城天主の「内」と「外」をひっくり返せば「見せる天守」を造れるではないか＞という、これまた大変に分かり易いアイデアを思いつき、それを大坂築城で実行した、という言い方も、ひょっとすると出来るのかもしれません。！
　
　
当サイトでは、上写真の屏風に描かれた天守の紋章群はおそらく八幡神の神紋であり、神功皇后の三韓征伐伝説を世情に喚起したい秀吉政権の思惑が込められたもの、という仮説を申し上げて来ました。

信長と秀吉、二人の天主建造に対するスタンスの違いは、安土城と豊臣大坂城それぞれの歴史的な立場も影響したはずで、大坂の築城では盛時に５万人にも達したという大動員がかなり影響を及ぼしたのではないでしょうか。

と申しますのは、ともに政治的モニュメントとして効果の極大化をねらったものの、当面「文字化伝達」をねらうしかなかった安土城天主と、建造前から「見せる天守」をねらえた豊臣大坂城天守、という条件の違いが、天守の造型にもろに表れたことは、大変に面白く感じられるからです。
　

※ぜひ皆様の応援を。下のバナーに投票（クリック）をお願いします。
にほんブログ村 歴史ブログ 戦国時代へ
人気ブログランキングへ
※当サイトはリンクフリーです。
※本日もご覧いただき、ありがとう御座いました。

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