先行派生記事…家康の江戸城天守の復元をめぐる紆余曲折(うよきょくせつ)を解く

江戸城・多聞山城・浜松城・浄福寺城(由井城) 404件のコメント


家康の江戸城天守の復元をめぐる紆余曲折を解く

今回は、完成間近の２０１２年度リポートに関連した話題を、一部分、先行してお話してみたいと思います。

ご承知のとおり、江戸城では、三代にわたる天守（慶長度・元和度・寛永度）が順次建て替えられたわけですが、初代の慶長度天守＝徳川家康の時代に建てられた天守と、二代目の元和度天守は、残された史料が乏しく、実像がよく判っておりません。

そのため、家康の江戸城天守については、これまでに諸先生方が様々な復元案を提示して来られた、という経緯があります。

その一例：表紙は大竹正芳先生の「慶長期江戸城天守復原図」

それらの復元の方向性を分けたポイントは、大工棟梁は誰なのか？ 望楼型か層塔型なのか？ 等々、いくつかあった中でも、とどのつまりは、下図の中井家蔵「江戸御城御天守絵図」をどのように扱うかで決まった、と申し上げても構わないのでしょう。

問題の絵図／中井家蔵「江戸御城 御天守絵図」

そこで、この問題の絵図をめぐる、代表的な復元案のスタンスを表にしてみますと…

このように中井家蔵「江戸御城御天守絵図」を初代（慶長度天守）の復元用資料として採用したのは、宮上茂隆先生だけであり、その復元案（全身真っ白な層塔型天守！）が強いインパクトを放ったことから、その後の議論は宮上案への賛否に終始して来たような感があります。

そして現在は、どうも、新たな決め手を欠いたままの状態が続いているようで、これに対して何か手立てはないものか… と強く感じられてなりません。

で、誠に僭越(せんえつ)ながら、従来あまり言われて来なかった視点から、少々申し上げてみたいと思うのです。
　
　
　
＜『当代記』が伝える「天守台石垣の積み直し」は何のためだったか＞
　
　
　
（『当代記』より）

去年之石垣高さ八間也、六間は常の石、二間は切石也、此切石をのけ、又二間築上、其上に右之切石を積、合十間殿守也、惣土井も二間あけられ、合八間の石垣也、殿守臺は二十間四方也
　
　
ご覧の文章は、初代（慶長度天守）が建造されるにあたって、天守台の工事がいったん完了していたにも関わらず、また石垣の工事（積み直しと積み増し）がなされたことを伝えています。

文面だけですと、その理由は定かでなく、ただ天守台の高さを２間かさ上げしたかっただけ、という風にも受け取れます。
　
　
しかし私なんぞの勝手な印象では、すでに高さ８間という規模がありながら、そこからわずか２間（！）のかさ上げのために大名衆を動員するとは、彼等の財力を少しでもそぐためのイヤガラセか、そうでなければ、やはり何らかの理由があったのだと思われてなりません。

―――そしてそれは、ひょっとすると ＜天守台の形式変更＞ だったのではないか、という気もするのです。

つまり、最初の工事で完成した天守台に対して、例えば大御所家康の周辺などから、何か特別な「注文」がついて、急遽、天守台の形式を変える必要に迫られてしまった… というようなことではなかったのでしょうか。

そしてそれは勿論、台上に建てる天守の設計変更（! !…）という事情も、大いにありえたように思われるのです。

天守と天守台の設計変更だったとすると、いったい何が起きたのか…

ここでもう一歩、手前勝手な推量をさせていただくならば、それは「穴倉の変更」ではなかったのかと。

例えば、例えばですが、当サイト仮説の豊臣大坂城天守のごとくに、最初は「半地下式の穴倉」で完成したものを、新たに半地下式では実行できない機能が「注文」されて、やむなく積み直し＆積み増しで「地下一階分の穴倉」として改築・かさ上げされたのでは… といった経緯も想像しうるわけなのです。

ただしこの場合、新規工事分の高さは足して４間ですので、他の天守に比べれば、桁違いに巨大な穴倉（ほとんど体育館! ? …）になってしまいますが、江戸城天守は他の階も桁違いに巨大ですし、また何よりも穴倉の構造的な不都合の解消が優先されたのだとすれば、可能性はあると思われるのです。

中井家は慶長度・元和度の両方の天守建造に関わっていた
（『中井家支配棟梁由緒書』より）

と、ここまで申し上げたところで、再び冒頭の絵図をめぐる紆余曲折を振り返れば、一つ、新たな視点が加わったのではないでしょうか。

つまり問題の絵図と、天守台石垣の積み直し（設計変更）との間には “関連性” があったという視点に立ちますと、この絵図は慶長度天守にも、元和度天守にも、両方に関係した絵図と考えることが出来そうです。

その辺をいっそう無責任なあてずっぽうで申せば、この絵図は慶長度の設計変更によってキャンセルされた設計であり、その後、大御所家康の死後に、二代将軍秀忠によって再び取り出され、元和度天守としてリベンジを果たした絵図ではなかったのかと…。
　
　
※その他の詳細、特に家康の「注文」については２０１２年度リポートにて。
　東照社縁起絵巻に描かれたのは家康の江戸城天守ではないのか
　～「唐破風」天守と関東武家政権へのレジームチェンジ～
　

※ぜひ皆様の応援を。下のバナーに投票（クリック）をお願いします。
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