続々「最後の立体的御殿」…屋根と破風の全貌を推定する
破風の配置はまったく同じ手法か/駿府城天守?と名古屋城大天守
いよいよ、当サイト仮説の駿府城天守について、前回までに申し上げて来た「小さなコロンブスの卵」や小堀遠州の関与、そして「築城図屏風は駿府城天守の平側の立面図をもとに無理やり描いたものでは?」といった推理をすべて突き合せた場合、どういう屋根や破風の構成になりうるのか、その推定図をご覧いただくことにしましょう。
その際に注意すべきは、やはり諸文献の駿府城天守の記録のうち、「唐破風」の位置ではないでしょうか。
何故なら、ご承知のとおり「唐破風」は、文献によって四重目にあったとする記録と、五重目にあったとする記録があって、その原因を想像しますに、おそらくは「どちらともつかない」配置であった疑いもありうるからです。
例えば、据唐破風(すえからはふ)…/中井家蔵「二条城天守指図」をもとに作成
ご覧の据唐破風(向唐破風や置唐破風ともいう)の場合、この寛永度の二条城天守ほどに破風の規模が大きいと、上の屋根にも接してしまい、遠目にはどちらの屋根の破風なのか、判断を誤る危険性もあったのではないでしょうか。
まさにこれと同じ事が、駿府城でも発生していたのではないか… と申し上げたいのでして、より具体的に申せば、冒頭の仮説で平側には六重目に大きな唐破風があったと考えておりますので、諸文献の「唐破風」は妻側、つまり大手門の側から見えた四重目と五重目の屋根の間にあったものと想定しました。
全ての仮説を突き合わせた、駿府城天守の屋根と破風の推定図
ご覧のうち妻側(図では左側の面)の唐破風は、とりあえず平側のものと同じ規模としましたが、このように全体の印象は、唐破風が据唐破風であること以外は、たとえ六重目に入母屋の屋根がかかっていても、名古屋城大天守と極めて似ていたのではないでしょうか。
と申しますのも、前回記事の「四方正面」の画期的デザインが本当に小堀遠州によるものなら、おそらくはもっと細部のデザインに至るまで、駿府城から名古屋城へと踏襲されたはずだと思うからです。
ご承知のように名古屋城大天守の印象を決めているのは、破風の配置方法だけでなく、他の天守よりも少し強めの屋根の反りだとか、破風が軒先近くまでせり出している点などにもあって、こうした細かなニュアンスの出し方は、元々の設計者が「小堀遠州」だと思えば、実に合点のいくところでしょう。
ですから、そういう手法がすでに駿府城天守で試されていた場合、屋根の印象はずいぶんと似ていたように思われるのです。
小堀遠州(ウィキペディアより)
また何度も申し上げたことで恐縮ですが、やはり織豊期の天守は、政権の版図を示す記念碑として明らかにベクトル(攻略の方向性)を持っていたように感じられてならず、一方、徳川幕藩体制下の天守は、そうしたベクトルを捨てて、あくまでも領地や城下町の中心(分権統治の象徴)として「四方正面」を強調した層塔型天守が好まれたのでしょう。
そうした中で、小堀遠州のずば抜けた才気は、織田信長が創始した天主(天守)に対して、その根本的な変質をいとも軽々と具体化して、すんなりと世間を納得させてしまった感があり、誰がその依頼者(発注者)かという興味は別として、遠州こそが“世紀の妙案”をひねり出した張本人であろうと申し上げたいのです。
ちなみに上記のイラストでは、築城図屏風にならって最上階にも高欄を描きましたが、これは前々回記事の「実用上の機能は三重目までで完結か」の仮説にしたがえば、彦根城天守などと同様の、見せかけの欄干であったのかもしれません。
<ならば、屏風絵の初重の大ぶりな千鳥破風の正体は??>
さて、一連の仮説の最初から懸案になっているのが、ご覧の千鳥破風(入母屋破風?)の正体であり、今回は、これについても一つの解釈(解決法)を申し上げておきたいと思います。
そのための第一の着眼点は、ご覧の破風が <すぐ上の屋根の下に収まっている> かのように描かれた点でして、普通、これだけの幅(桁行と同じ)であれば、それは上の屋根を突き抜け、さらに上の屋根に接するほどの高さであってもおかしくありません。
しかし屏風絵は、そうではない… という点を最大限に解釈しますと、これはひょっとすると、天守一階に小規模な平屋の「付櫓」があり、その付櫓の入母屋屋根が立面図に一緒に記載されていて、それが絵師の混乱を誘発したのではあるまいか… という推理も出来そうなのです。
当ブログ仮説の図でその「付櫓」の範囲を想像すると
天守一階の南東角から東側へ、張り出し分がおおよそ4間×4間の付櫓か
ここでお願いしたいのは、ご覧のような付櫓の状態と、その一方で、問題の立面図には平側(図では右側)から見た建物(天守と付櫓)だけが描かれていたら… という、ちょっと複雑なシチュエーションを思い描いていただきたいのです。
つまり、その場合、絵師が見たであろう立面図は、おそらく文献の記録どおりの駿府城天守と、その一階の左端に入母屋屋根の小屋が一緒に張り付いたような図であったでしょう。
そして、もしもそういう状態で、絵師に「これで四方正面の天守を描け」という注文が来たら、どうなるでしょうか。
… 仮説の、仮説の話ではありますが、絵師が大変な混乱をきたすのは間違いありません。
勿論、そのままの状態では「四方正面」になりえず、また駿府城の特異な天守台の状況も知りえない絵師は、かなりヤケッパチな(「とにかく四方正面であればいいのだ…」といった)気持ちで、問題の描画にたどり着いたのではないか、というのが私の想像力の結論なのです。
しかも立面図にあったのは「石落し」ではなく「唐破風の玄関」だった??
そこでもう一つ気になるのが屏風絵の「石落し」でして、これもまた同じ原因から、絵師が立面図を見誤って描いた箇所ではないかと思われます。
ご参考)名古屋城の本丸御殿に復元された唐破風屋根の玄関
(※名古屋市ホームページに掲載の完成予想イラストをもとに作成)
.jpg)
ご覧の推定図でお察しのとおり、付櫓には当然のごとく玄関が設けられていたはずですが、そこに名古屋城の本丸御殿などと同じ唐破風屋根があった可能性も十分にありうるでしょう。
それが、問題の立面図の上ですと、ちょうど付櫓の左側に飛び出すような形で描かれることになり、しかもそこに地面の表記がたまたま無かった場合、それを絵師が「石落しか」と誤解しても無理はなかったように感じられるからです。
これまでの「立面図」仮説等を全て突き合せた、謎解きの結論
ご覧の玄関は、仮説で申し上げて来た「露台」の下を通って入る形になりますが、天守(御殿)の右手前という位置関係から、駿府城天守はやはり「最後の立体的御殿」として、名古屋城の本丸御殿などと同じ「雁行」スタイルを踏まえていたことにもなりそうです。
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