真四角な「御三階」と「層塔型天守」誕生の因果関係

安土城（大手道・主郭）・犬山城・鳥取城 181件のコメント


真四角な「御三階」と「層塔型天守」誕生の因果関係

前回の妄想的仮説を受けて… 「本能寺の変」後の安土城

ご覧のイラストは様々な仮定を含んだものになりますが、ここで申し上げたいのは、現状の安土城は思った以上に「時期差」を多く含んでいる遺跡…それは勿論、織田信長が生きた時期の中でも変遷があり、死後にもかなりの拡充があった場所ではないのか、という疑いです。

その点で私なんぞが密かに注目しているのは、イラストの青白い輪で囲んだ部分でして、現状では「伝江藤邸跡」「江藤(えふじ)の丘」と呼ばれますが、もしも安土城が一貫して「南」を大手としていたならば、ここはその突端の出丸（防御陣地）と言うべき位置になります。

ところが何故か、ご覧のように、肝心の南側部分が「土塁」のまま! ! 遺されているようなのです。

（※県の石垣調査はあったものの、発掘は行われていない模様）

決して私はここで土塁の防御力を軽んじるつもりはありませんが、この状況には、前回記事の「三法師邸」の新設を含めた、安土城南側の大きな拡充工事の進め方が絡んでいるように感じられてなりません。

すなわち「三法師邸」を核とする山の凹部が、その中心部から整備されたか何かの影響で、この部分だけが最後に取り残されてしまったのでは… という疑いが頭をよぎるのです。

思えば４年前の当ブログ記事（異様な「大手門」は信長の存命中は無かった？）において、安土城の南山麓の四つの門跡を、都の内裏の三門に見立てようとする説に違和感を感じて、むしろ「それらは信長廟の門構えではないのか」などと申し上げ、安土城の「時期差」問題に触れて来たことが、ようやくご覧のイラストに集約されたような感もあります。

で、今回の記事は、イラストの真ん中あたりに書き込んだ「御三階(ごさんがい)か」という、これまたとんでもない仮説について、その詳細と、それが示唆する重大なテーマ… 私のかねてからの疑問「層塔型天守はどこで生まれたか」について、少々申し上げたく思うのです。

伝羽柴秀吉邸／発表された建物の推定図に色付けして作成／上が真北

ご覧の図は、伝羽柴秀吉邸の推定図を冒頭イラストと同じ色で塗ってみたものですが、このうちあえて「御三階か」とした建物は、「主殿」の敷地よりも一段下がった所にあり、これを旧滋賀県安土城郭調査研究所は「隅櫓」と推定し、三浦正幸先生は「台所」と推定しておられます。（※三浦先生は主殿の玄関を反対側の南西側と想定）

その位置は「伝豊臣秀吉邸址」… の古い標柱のすぐ奥のスペース


（※発掘調査報告Ⅰに掲載の測量図をもとに作成）

（発掘調査報告Ⅰより）

「不整形の敷地いっぱいに建つ、一辺５間の方形の建物である」
「礎石は建物１（主殿）同様で、一辺５０ｃｍ前後の自然石を整地土上に直接据え、基本的に１間＝６尺３寸の格子目上に配している。その礎石配列および立地状況等から隅櫓等の防御機能を持つ建物と推定される」

と報告書にあって、建物の平面形は「真四角」とされています。

また、この建物の位置については、「山腹の主要な曲輪の左端付近」という意味では鳥取城の三階櫓（下写真）などを連想させ、「御殿から一段下がった場所」という意味では徳島城の三階櫓（山之古てんしゅ）などを、そして「御殿近くの石垣上の見晴らしのよい所」という意味では、先の鳥取城のほか、肥前名護屋城の上山里丸の二重櫓なども連想させるでしょう。
　
　
　
＜全国の「御三階櫓」の半数が真四角の平面形。
　→ 本当に天守の「代用」か。本来は「別用途」の建物ではなかったのか＞
　
　

鳥取城の古写真／二ノ丸の向かって左端に「三階櫓(さんかいやぐら)」

（※７月に行われた鳥取城フォーラム2013 シンポジウム「史跡整備の現状と課題
～近世城郭を中心に」の告知で、ネット上に盛んに登場した古写真）

ご覧の三階櫓は、史料によれば一階が８間四方、二階が６間四方、三階が４間四方だったそうで、江戸中期に山頂の天守が失われると、その後は焼失や再建を経て「天守の代用」と見なされたそうです。

そして、そして、周囲の曲輪の構成を見ますと、これが私なんぞには、どう見ても冒頭で申し上げた「本能寺の変」後の安土城に酷似しているように見えてなりません。（※左図の鳥取城は上が真北）


！？…「本能寺の変」後の安土城が、
ある種のスタンダードを生んでいた可能性はないのか…

鳥取城をご覧の近世城郭の姿に大改修したのは池田長吉（いけだ ながよし／輝政の弟）と言われ、古写真の三階櫓はその江戸中期の再建ではありますが、これも典型的な「御三階」の一つでしょう。
　
　
そもそも「御三階」と言いますと、この鳥取城のように、江戸時代に天守の代用とされた三重櫓という認識が支配的である一方で、中には会津若松城のように天守と並存し続けた御三階もあって、やや不審な点があります。

また「御三階」は建物の種類としても、鳥取城のような石垣上の「櫓」と、会津若松城や水戸城のように御殿と同じ敷地に建つ「楼閣」とがあったのに、いずれもが「御三階」のうちに数えられて来たのは、やはりどこか不審です。

そういう大きな振れ幅を含みつつ、どういうわけか、建物自体は真四角の平面形のものが多かった… という点に、私なんぞは思わず “歴史の口裏合わせ” のような臭いを嗅ぎ取ってしまうのです。
　
　
【真四角な平面形の御三階】
　鳥取城／(会津若松城)／白河小峰城／金沢城／徳島城／盛岡城／(新発田城)／水戸城／岡城

【その他の平面形の御三階】
　加納城／高崎城／佐倉城／古河城／丸亀城／米沢城／忍城／弘前城／白石城／松前城
　
　
この他には平面形が不明のものなど、若干の事例があっただけですから、まさに半数が真四角だったわけで、何故これほど多くの「真四角」が長期にわたって踏襲されたのでしょうか。

この事の裏側には、ひょっとすると「御三階」本来の “出自” が隠されていたりするのかもしれません。

【謎解きのための着眼点】
一部の御三階は「外見」を度外視していたような印象がある
会津若松城と水戸城の御三階（楼閣の部類）

（※左ＣＧは会津若松市による復元計画のイメージ図を引用しました）

さて、ご覧の二つのうち、左の会津若松城のものは、有名な阿弥陀寺に移築された建物を参考にした復元のためか、実にアッサリとした外観になっています。

また右の水戸城も、江戸時代に「以前ハ至極廉相なりしを新らたに造り営み」という記録があるとおり、初めは写真よりもさらに素朴な外観だったことが知られています。

ということは、二つはともに楼閣の部類に入る「御三階」ですが、御殿のより近くにあったにも関わらず、どこか「外見」を度外視していたような印象があるのです。
　
　
これはいったい何故なのか？… と想像力を働かせますと、特に会津若松城の方が天守と共存し続けたこと、そして江戸時代にはご承知のとおり、城主といえども天守にめったに登れなかったこと等々を踏まえれば、その裏側の事情を推測できるのではないでしょうか。
　
　
すなわち、これらの御三階は、元々は、城主がてっとりばやく城外を見晴らすため、御殿の屋根を上回る「三階の高さ」に上がることのみを唯一の目的とした建物であって、したがってその建物が、家臣や領民から「見られる」可能性は皆無だったのではないか……　

だからこそ、そういう建物（本来の御三階）は外見を度外視しても、まったく構わなかったのではないか……

といった裏側の事情が思い浮かぶのです。
　
　
　
【超 大胆仮説】
　外見を度外視することから「層塔型」は誕生したのではないのか？
　
　
　
ここで是非とも、想像してみていただきたいのですが、山頂の領主の館に望楼を載せたスタイルが「天守の原形」であったとしたら、そういう支配の象徴は、新たな領地の家臣や領民からの視線に耐えるためにも、破風やら何やらの装飾は欠かせなかったことでしょう。

しかし、そうした天守とは別途に、城主一人がてっとりばやく城外を見渡す設備として、御殿のすぐ脇などに「御三階」を新開発していたとすれば、「見られる」可能性のある最上階の屋根や欄干さえそれらしくあれば、あとの一階や二階の構造体は、至極、単純で良かったのではないでしょうか。
　
　
しかも、そういう最上階ありきの建物には「真四角」が好都合であったのかもしれません。

何故なら、仮に最上階を天守と同様の「三間四方」とした場合は、そのまま可能な限り単純 かつ最小のスペースで階を重ねれば、おのずと逓減(ていげん)率は少なめで、二階や一階も真四角にならざるをえないからです。
　
　
つまり今回の記事で申し上げたいのは ＜層塔型の誕生の発端だけはそういうことだったのかもしれない＞ という可能性でして、層塔型の誕生と、御三階やその本来の目的、真四角という平面形は、すべてリンクした事柄だったのではないでしょうか。

で、それはいつ発生したのか？ と申しますと、冒頭イラストの安土城「三法師邸」の建物が５間四方であり、主殿のすぐ脇にあって、山麓を見渡すに絶好の位置に建ち、なおかつ、失われた七重天守の「代用」と人々に見られかねない歴史的立場を兼ね備えていたことに、どうにも注目せざるをえないのです。…
　
　
かくして、まったく意図せざる過程の中から誕生した「層塔型」が、江戸時代になると逆に、いくつかの政治的な理由から、天守の形態として積極的に好まれるようになった、という可能性については今更申し上げるまでもないでしょう。

そこにはおそらく、徳川家康の好みも反映したでしょうし、また諸大名の側の政治的な都合もあったことでしょう。

そこであえて一つだけ申し上げるなら、大名らは、平面を真四角にして「御三階」と名付けておけば“政治的に角が立たない”という半ば確信犯的な意図のもとに、本来は別用途のはずの「御三階」という名称を、実質的な天守に援用（悪用？）し始めたのではなかったか… という疑いさえ、私なんぞは感じております。

本来の御三階が外見を度外視したものなら、
これは「半分正直」ということか…
弘前城の御三階櫓（明治以後に「天守」と呼ばれる）

（※南西側から見たところ／左が本丸内部を向いた壁面、右が二ノ丸側の壁面）

　
【では最後に、内容が未定だった２０１３年度リポートのお知らせ】

さて、今回の記事で申し上げた超!大胆仮説をさらに発展させまして、現在、以下のような内容を２０１３年度リポートの候補として検討中です。

《仮題》 領国統治の城（聚楽第チルドレン）と層塔型天守の完成へ
　　　　 ～聚楽第「御三階」を考える～

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