続・臣下の五重天守をめぐる印象論 →海外への拡張政策の道を閉ざされた天守配置の様変わり

天守の発祥／鎌刃城・岐阜城・旧二条城・二条城／織田信長の「立体的御殿」 128件のコメント


続・臣下の五重天守をめぐる印象論
→ 海外への拡張政策の道を閉ざされた天守配置の様変わり

前回記事の、織田・豊臣政権による「五重天守」の配置方法

前回にご覧いただいた五重天守の配置は、意外にも、当地の城主の「格」や所領高だけではなく、天下人の府城からの「距離」も深く関係していて、言わば政権の勢力圏の最終到達点をにらむ防人(さきもり)のような存在として、「五重天守」などの巨大天守が配置されたのかもしれない… などと申し上げました。

しかもそのような不文律は、日本列島の範囲を越えて「西」へと向かう拡張政策を前提にしていたようで、例えば宇喜田秀家が漢城(ソウル)にあげた三重？の天守は、そのはるか先の「西の最終到達点」において、やはり五重天守などの巨大天守が建造されることを織り込んでいたようにさえ、私なんぞには見えてしまいます。

五重以上と言われる天守

しかし朝鮮出兵の失敗と豊臣秀吉の死によって、その直後に関ヶ原合戦などの動乱が勃発し、そこから新たな天下人の座をつかんだ徳川家康は、政治体制の刷新をめざすなかで、諸大名が望む天守の建造（全国的な配置のしかた）についても、織田・豊臣の頃とはまったく異なる不文律を打ち出したようです。

これはその家康が死去した時点の様子を図示してみたものですが、一見してお気づきのとおり、もはや織田・豊臣の「北の果ての巨大天守」といったものは存在しませんし、臣下の五重天守のなかで天下人の府城（駿府城）から最も遠い地点にあったのは、南(西)の柳川城天守や熊本城天守でした。
　
　
そして私が気になるのは、西の橋頭堡としての三重天守が無いかわりに、瀬戸内沿いの中国・四国地方にはズラリと! ! 臣下の五重天守が並べられていて、これは西国大名らの要望に応えた結果のようでいながら、前述の時代状況を踏まえた目で見ますと、あたかも ＜臣下の五重天守群が外国軍隊の国内侵入に備えていた＞ かのようでもあり、はたまた ＜朝鮮通信使の来訪ルートを意識した配置＞ のようでもあった点でしょう。

このことは、前回の妄言を引き継いで申し上げるなら、防人(さきもり)としての五重天守というカテゴリーが立場を失い、もはや勢力圏の周縁部で領民や敵方に見せつける必要も無くなった「五重天守」を（既存の岡山城や広島城を含めて）今後はどういう風に扱えばいいのか？ という大命題に対して、徳川幕府がひねり出したアイデアだったのではないでしょうか。

そして天守の配置をめぐる幕府の最大の関心事は、西国に臣下の五重天守が建ち並んだ一方で、技術的には九重・十二重などという巨大化も不可能な中で、＜いかにして天下人の天守を際立たせるか＞ に腐心せざるをえなかったようです。
　
　
そこで出現した興味深い現象が、ご覧のとおり、駿府城天守を中心にして、松本城・名古屋城の五重天守と、江戸城天守という、三基の大型天守が、等距離の円周上にピタリと位置づけられていたことではないでしょうか。

半径の１４６ｋｍ（３７里）と言えば約４日の行程ですし、この時期、オレンジ色の円の中にあったその他の天守は、小田原城（→おそらくどこかの時点で石垣山城天守を破却した後は後北条氏の本丸天守を継続使用か）・横須賀城・吉田城・高島城の各天守や御三階櫓しか無かったはずですから、駿府城の五重七階天守は、他の大型天守との「距離」を別の意味で応用することでも、存在感を高めていたと思えてなりません。
　
　
で、重要なのは、こんなことは前の豊臣政権ではありえなかった手法だという点であり、そうした様変わりの裏では（やがて三代将軍・徳川家光の江戸城寛永度天守という「天守」の歴史でも大変に特殊なカテゴリーが出現したことを含めて）天守建造の理屈の１８０度近い大転換が起きていたようです。

と申しますのも、ためしに江戸城天守が明暦の大火で焼失した翌年（明暦４年）を４枚目の図にしてみますと、もしかすると「天守」の歴史をチョットとらえ直す必要があるのかもしれない… と思うような現象が見て取れるからです。

明暦大火で江戸城天守が焼失して初めてわかった？意外な等距離の円…




居城の佐倉城と古河城を大改修した幕閣の最高実力者、土井利勝(どい としかつ)

（※肖像画は正定寺蔵／ウィキペディアより）

ありし日の佐倉城 ／ 現地の説明看板のイラストをもとに作成

ご覧の 佐倉城 と言いますと、徳川家康から江戸城の櫓を拝領して移築したという「天守」御三階櫓と、太田道灌の頃の江戸城「静勝軒」を移築したという「銅櫓」が、本丸の土塁上に並んでいたことで知られています。

で、それらが佐倉城に移築されたのは慶長１６年以降と言われ、それは大御所家康と将軍秀忠による江戸城の慶長の天下普請と一連のタイミングで行われた作業と言えるでしょうから、言うなれば “古い江戸城を物語る建築” を拝領して佐倉に引き取った形であって、そうした措置がかなった土井利勝は「城の本丸や天守は天下人のもの」という趣旨の発言をした人物としても知られています。
　
　
そこで思いますに、いったい何故、関東の譜代大名らは（見栄えもしない! 誠にそっけない)「御三階櫓」をああも関東一円に建て並べたのだろうか？ という疑問について、従来は「徳川将軍の江戸城天守をはばかり（ランクを一段下げた？）富士見櫓にならったのだ」といった説明がなされて来たわけですが、私なんぞが今回、特に申し上げてみたいポイントは、〈その富士見櫓とは、いつの時代の富士見櫓なのか〉 という問いなのです。

そこで是非ともご覧いただきたいのが次の絵でありまして、これは江戸後期の鬼才・谷文晁(たに ぶんちょう)が、太田道灌の時代の江戸城を、築城古図を参照しつつ描いたという絵です。

谷文晁「道灌江戸築城の図」弘化３年（個人蔵）

その中央には「富士見櫓」がさも天守のごとく…

　
　
＜江戸時代、関東を守る譜代大名らの意識では、天守の理想像が
　従来の安土城天主等から「太田道灌の富士見櫓や静勝軒」に変わる大転換が起き、
　それが「御三階櫓」を積極的に志向する流れを作っていたのかも？？＞
　
　
　
ご覧の谷文晁の絵は、やや石垣が多い点など気にはなりますが、要は ＜どうしてこんな絵が制作されたのか？＞ という辺りが、たいへんに興味を引くわけです。

そこで関東の御三階櫓の様子を含めて考えますと、それらのそっけない外観は、安土桃山以来の築城者たちの造形に対する意欲が萎縮(いしゅく)したのではなくて、ひょっとすると、この時期、譜代大名らの “あこがれる対象” が変わってしまっていた、ということだったのではないでしょうか？？

考えてみれば、譜代大名の側からしてみれば、一度も訪れたことの無い安土城の幻の天主などより、いくつもの詩文にうたわれた太田道灌の江戸城「静勝軒」や富士見櫓(「含雪斎」？)の方がずっと身近であり、あこがれの対象になりやすかったことは確かでしょう。
　
　
現在、静勝軒などの具体的な姿は謎が多く、研究者の間で説が分かれるものの、江戸時代の認識としては、例えば名古屋城の記録集『金城温古録』の「天守の始」という文章には「武備の為に高台を建て威を示し、内に文を修て治道を専らとせしは太田道灌の江戸城に権輿(けんよ／事が始まる)す。是、天守の起源とも謂ふべし」とあり、その後段で「慶長十一年御改築の江戸城御天守」とも書いてあって、つまり江戸城は慶長１１年の天下普請まで太田道灌ゆかりの「高台」が存在し、それが天守の起源であった、という理屈で（実際はどうであれ）首尾一貫している点は見逃せません。

（※『金城温古録』の「高台」は楼閣全般を示す言葉として使用）

ですから、先ほど “天守建造の理屈の１８０度近い大転換” と申し上げたのは、このように徳川幕下の天守は、理想の姿（手本／モチーフ）が以前とはかなり違っていた疑いがあるためで、それは太田道灌の江戸城をことさらに崇敬したものであったようです。

すなわち天守とは、太閤秀吉のごとく外観の見事さを競うものではなく、道灌の江戸城をうたい上げた詩文のごとくに、そこから見晴らす四周の「風景」の方が、天守の理想像を形づくる重要な観点になっていたのだとすれば、関東の譜代大名が建て並べた（見栄えもしない! 誠にそっけない)「御三階櫓」というもののナゾが、ようやく解けるような気がして来るのです。

さて、元和８年に本多正純が失脚して、土井利勝が名実ともに幕閣の最高実力者となった晩年に加増移封された城が 古河城 であり、そこで佐倉城天守と同規模で建造した天守（御三階櫓）のＣＧが、「古河史楽会(古河の歴史を楽しむ会)」様のＨＰで公開されておりまして、最後にその一つを、ご参考までに引用させていただこうかと思うのです。

…… と申しますのは、ＣＧはちょうど「松本城天守」と規模の比較になっており、これは何かの引き合わせではないのかと、大変に驚いている次第だからです。

※ぜひ皆様の応援を。下のバナーに投票（クリック）をお願いします。
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※本日もご覧いただき、ありがとう御座いました。

“続・臣下の五重天守をめぐる印象論 →海外への拡張政策の道を閉ざされた天守配置の様変わり” への128件のコメント

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