「文献どおりの豪華さ」は極楽橋ではなくて千畳敷に付設の廊下橋のはずなので…

豊臣大坂城・石山本願寺城・徳川再建大坂城 283件のコメント


前回記事の部分訂正＝「文献どおりの豪華さ」は極楽橋ではなくて 千畳敷に付設の廊下橋のはずなので…

極楽橋を “より豪華に” 描いたオーストリアの大坂図屏風（本丸周辺のみ）

前回の記事では、ご覧の屏風絵の “天守の描き方” をめぐって色々と申し上げましたが、その文中において「極楽橋」に関して、その豪華な描き方が「正確である」かのように書きました。

しかしそれは、絵師が「情報を取り違えながらもその内容どおりに忠実に描いた」という意味であって、極楽橋の描写としては決して「正確」だとは考えておりませんので、今回は、そうした前回記事のつたないニュアンスを反省して訂正しつつ、そこでなおも深まるオーストリアの屏風絵に対する疑問を、補足させていただくことにします。

「千畳敷に付設の廊下橋」を紹介した宮上茂隆『大坂城 天下一の名城』（１９８４年）

同じく「千畳敷に付設の廊下橋」がある櫻井成廣作・豊臣大坂城模型

さて、極楽橋の問題は４年前の記事(１)と(２)でも取り上げましたが、ご覧の著書や模型の宮上茂隆先生や櫻井成廣先生など、往年の先生方は、『イエズス会日本報告集』や『日本西教史』にある豊臣秀吉が晩年に大坂城内に造営した廊下橋というのは、極楽橋ではなく、上記のような千畳敷に付設の廊下橋のことだと解釈され、私なんぞもそれで間違いないものと確信しております。

そう考えざるをえない理由は、過去の記事の中でいくつも申し上げましたが、決定的なのは、文献にある橋の長さ「十ブラザ前後」＝２２ｍ前後＝約１１間では、現実の極楽橋の半分くらいにしかならず、それではとても水堀を渡りきれない！！ という点でしょう。

【ご参考】中井家蔵『本丸図』の極楽橋の周辺

このことは現に宣教師の報告文でも…

（松田毅一監訳『イエズス会日本報告集』所収「１５９６年度の年報補筆」より）

（太閤）はまた城の濠に巨大な橋が架けられることを望んだが、それによって既述の政庁への通路とし、また（橋に）鍍金した屋根を設け、橋の中央に平屋造りの二基の小櫓を突出させた。
その小櫓には、四角の一種の旗幟〔長さ八～九パルモ、幅四パルモ〕が鍍金された真鍮から垂れ、また（小櫓）には鳥や樹木の種々の彫刻がかかっている。（小櫓）は太陽の光を浴びるとすばらしい輝きを放ち、櫓に新たな装飾を添える。
（橋の）倚りかかれるよう両側の上方に連ねられた欄干は、はめ込みの黄金で輝き、舗道もまた非常に高価な諸々の装飾で鮮明であり、傑出した工匠たちの手によって入念に仕上げられたすばらしい技巧による黄金塗りの板が介在して輝いていた。
そこで堺奉行（小西ベント如清）はこの建物について話題となった時、我らの同僚の某司祭に、（その橋は）十ブラザ前後あるので、黄金と技巧に一万五千金が注ぎ込まれたことを肯定したほどである。
　
　
（ジャン・クラセ『日本西教史』太政官翻訳より／※細字だけ当ブログの補筆）

太閤殿下は頻(しき)りに支那の使者を迎ふる用意を命じ、畳千枚を敷るゝ程の宏大美麗なる会同館を建て、（中略）其内に入れば只金色の光り耀然たるを見るのみ。
城外には湟(ほり)を隔てゝ長さ六丈、幅二丈五尺の舞台を設け、（中略）舞台の往来を便にせんと湟(ほり)を越して橋を架す、長さ僅かに拾間(じゅっけん)計(ばか)りにして其(その)價(あたい)一萬五千金なりとぞ。
鍍金したるを瓦を以て屋を葺き、柱 欄干 甃石(いしだたみ)等も金箔を以て覆はざるなし。其頃大坂に在て此荘厳を目撃せし耶穌(やそ)教師も、此の如き結構は世に類なしと云へり。
　
　
ということでして、この二つの文献が伝えたのは、「極楽橋」としては明らかに短か過ぎる!! 別の廊下橋であり、それはやはり豊臣大坂城の本丸南側に架けられた「千畳敷に付設の廊下橋」なのでしょう。

したがって、オーストリアの屏風絵で極楽橋がひときわ豪華に描かれたのは、必ずしも “正確な描写” と言えるものではなく、これもまた絵師の努力と工夫（→情報を取り違えつつも忠実であろうとした真摯さ）がもたらした表現なのだと理解せざるをえません。
　
　
この屏風の絵師については、１７世紀中頃に活躍した京都の町絵師だろうと言われていますが、その町絵師が参考にしたと言われる＜原画＞の絵師も、これまた、ひょっとしますと、様々な資料を集めて作画を行ったのかもしれず、その絵師さえも豊臣大坂城を実際には見ていなかった!? 可能性がありうるのではないでしょうか。

……となれば改めて、やはり、と感じる、以下のごとき “画面構成の操作” が透けて見えるのです。

　
　
＜天守の右側、極楽橋との間にある「小天守」風の三重櫓の正体は…＞
　
　
　
ちょうど前々回まで、江戸城の元和度天守が大・小天守による連結式ではなかったか、という話題を続けて来ただけに、ご覧の天守も連結式（…前回記事の流れで言えば二条城の慶長度天守を意識したもの？）と早合点しそうですが、そう話は簡単ではないようです。

そもそも、描いたのが豊臣大坂城そのものであれば、こんな場所（本丸の北東隅？）に小天守風の三重櫓などあるはずがありませんし、そのせいで天守と極楽橋の位置関係がちょっとおかしいことを含めて、この屏風絵の本丸の描写には、かなりの混乱が見て取れます。
　
　
で、これに比べますと、例えば大阪歴史博物館蔵の「京・大坂図屏風」に描かれた豊臣大坂城の本丸などは、建物の配置にある程度の信憑性(しんぴょうせい)があるように思われます。

京・大坂図屏風（部分）…モノクロ写真で恐縮ですが…

ご覧の本丸は、西(北西)から眺めた景観であり、しかもここには前述の「天守の右側、木橋との間にある小天守風の三重櫓」と言えなくもない！ ひときわ目立つ三重櫓が描かれています。

このちょっと意外な符号はどういうことなのか、当サイトが想定する（築城当初の）豊臣大坂城の本丸北部「表御殿」周辺の建物配置を、ご参考までにお目にかけますと…



どうでしょうか。このようにご覧になれば、この「京・大坂図屏風」の建物配置にはある程度の信憑性がありそうだ、と考える当サイトの立場にも、幾分かのご理解がいただけますでしょうか。

したがって、これらは同じ櫓（上記「三重菱櫓」）を描こうとしたのでは？？

といった以上の見方を、さらに突き詰めますと…

まさにご覧のごとく、京・大坂図屏風とオーストリアの屏風絵は言わば “パズル” のような関係にあったのかもしれず、両者の違いとしては、オーストリアの屏風絵では屏風全体の “北(北東)から眺めた景観” に合せるため、判りやすい「記号」としての極楽橋が、本丸の北側（＝正面側）にコンバートされていることが分かります。

こうなると「記号」として極楽橋は、とびきり豪華に（必要以上に？）描かざるをえなかったわけでしょうし、本丸内の描写の基本的なレイアウトを踏襲した以上は、画面の構成上、極楽橋だけの “単独移動” が不可欠であった、という絵師の事情がここに透けて見えるのです。
　

※当サイトはリンクフリーです。
※本日もご覧いただき、ありがとう御座いました。

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