続々・信長の「天下」――安土城天主は天皇の行幸殿の上にそびえ立ち、見おろしていた、とする見方の多大な影響

天守の発祥／鎌刃城・岐阜城・旧二条城・二条城／織田信長の「立体的御殿」 216件のコメント


安土城天主は天皇の行幸殿の上にそびえ立ち、見おろしていた、とする見方の多大な影響

前々回から、織田信長が意図したはずの「天下」の語義について申し上げて来ましたが、結局のところ、私なんぞには「天下布武」の「天下」の中に足利将軍の居場所は殆ど無かったように思われますし、また信長が使った「天下」の中に領域的な「五畿内」という意味が含まれていても、それはまず「天皇」が千年にわたり遷座を行なった都の地、としての畿内であったのだろうと感じられてなりません。

ですが、そうなりますと、一点だけ、気がかりな問題がありまして、それは１０年以上前に、滋賀県が行なった安土城の発掘調査から、伝本丸にあった建物は「慶長年間に改修された京都御所内の天皇の日常の住まいであった清涼殿と酷似」していて、それこそ伝承の行幸殿「御幸の御間」である、という驚きの調査結果が出て、論議を巻き起こした一件です。

いまや懐かしい、調査結果を紹介した本の一例 ／『図説 安土城を掘る』２００４年より

安土城天主は足元の行幸殿を見おろしていた？（同書の平面図をもとに作成）

ご承知のとおり、この一件は、調査結果が出た後に三浦正幸先生や川本重雄先生から「発掘された遺構を清涼殿に見立てるのは恣意的で無理がある」という主旨の（古建築の分野からの）反論があり、その後の論議の中でしだいに勢いを失った経緯があります。
　
　
ただ、この時期に、多くの論述やメディアにおいては ＜信長の居所であった安土城天主は、行幸殿の上にそびえ立ち、天皇を見おろす形になっていた＞ というニュアンスの言われ方が度々なされました。

―――その物理的な分かり易さもあってか、例えば「天皇を従える信長」（小島道裕『信長とは何か』）「神仏や朝廷(行幸後)よりも上位にある信長のイメージを焼き付けることが可能であった」（藤田達生『信長革命』）「いわゆる天下布武の中での、彼なりの物の示し方というのか、権力の具現化、示し方だったのではないか」（木戸雅寿ほか『信長の城・秀吉の城』）という風に、二つの建物の上下の位置関係が、信長の人物像にまで多大な影響を与えてしまったようです。
　
　
結局、「御幸の御間」の具体的な位置や姿かたちは判らずじまいですが、いずれにしても狭い主郭の中のことですから、それが天主近くの “足元” にあったことは事実でしょうし、そんな行幸殿と天主の関係は、見るからに「天皇を従える信長」のようでもあったのでしょう。
　
　
しかし一方では、その天主の内部に描かれた障壁画は「安土城最上層の、三皇五帝をはじめとする、神話時代の聖天子や、孔子および孔門十哲の図など、ぼくのいうチャイニーズ・ロアの図像は、内裏の賢聖障子（けんじょうのしょうじ）にそのままつながるものを持っている」…「安土城というのは平安の内裏の復活だったのではないか」（大西廣・太田昌子『朝日百科　安土城の中の「天下」』）といった見方もありました。

となると、安土城天主に紫宸殿の「賢聖障子」を連想させる絵があったのなら、もし安土に行幸があった場合は、そのまま天主への登閣があれば、天皇は自身の目でそういう “見慣れた絵” ？を目撃することになっていたわけで、そのあたりの計算を信長の方はどういう風に心づもりしていたのでしょう。？？
　
　
ということで、果たして信長の天主は、天皇を威圧的に見おろす建物だったのか否か… そんな問いの答えをさぐるためには、別の「行幸」を前提として京の都にそびえた “ある天主” が大いに参考になるのかもしれません。

徳川の二条城の行幸殿に入った後水尾天皇は、ご覧のような角度で天守を見上げたはず

（歴史群像 名城シリーズ１１『二条城』１９９６年より）

寛永３年、徳川幕府が大改築した二条城に、かねてから幕府との確執があった後水尾天皇が行幸を行いました。その時、城内に建てられた行幸殿と天守との位置関係を、まずは安土城との比較で確認しておきたいと思います。

中井家蔵『二條御城中絵図』

絵図の上に安土城の平面図（ブルー）をほぼ同縮尺にしてダブらせると…

ご覧のとおり、安土城の天主と伝本丸との距離は、二条城の天守と行幸御殿との距離の三分の一くらいであり、かなり近い関係に見えるものの、これは安土山頂の狭い土地におさめなければならなかった事情もありそうで、その一方では、安土城も二条城も、方角的には似たような位置関係（→行幸殿が天主の東南東？）にあったとも見えます。

ちなみに二条城の天守も、内部は金碧障壁画で飾られていて、おそらく徳川の天守の中で一二を争う華美な造りだったのでしょうが、ここに後水尾天皇は五日間の滞在中に二度も登って眺望を楽しんだそうで、そうした経緯は、この天守が天皇自身の登頂を大前提として建てられたことを物語っているのでしょう。
　
　
　
＜そもそも「行幸」を得るための築城、という発想はどこから？？＞
　
　
　
行幸と城… と言いますと、私なんぞは聚楽第行幸をまず思い浮かべますが、それまでに行なわれた武家の邸宅への行幸としては、足利義満の有名な「花の御所」や北山第への行幸がよく知られています。

しかしそれらは足利将軍の「御所」と言うべき邸宅ばかりで、「城」となると例が無かったようで、例えば歴代の足利将軍邸の中で初めて「城」と呼ばれたのが足利義輝の二条御所（武衛陣の御構え）だそうですが、それは完成の前に三好義継や松永久秀に攻め込まれて、義輝自身が落命のうきめに会ってしまいました。

そして義輝の死後、すっかり廃墟になった二条御所を大きく拡張して出来上がったのが、織田信長が足利義昭のために築いた、いわゆる「旧二条城」でした。

実に興味深い、織田信長（足利義昭）の「旧二条城」のあり方

ご覧の「旧二条城」と言えば、宣教師の記録に築城時の有名なエピソードがあり、その規模はかなりのものであったにも関わらず、色々な呼び方がなされて名称が一つに定まらないという不思議な城でしたが、この図は主に高橋康夫先生の論考を参照しながら、京都におけるその他の時代の御所や城の位置をまとめて表示してみたものです。
　
　
で、このようにしてまずお解りのとおり、足利将軍の幕府が「室町幕府」と呼ばれるのは、花の御所が室町通りに面した今出川付近（室町）にあったためですが、上記の義輝の二条御所や、信長(義昭)の「旧二条城」もまた、このように室町通りに面した形で築かれたそうで、それは義輝や義昭の足利将軍としての体面に配慮した形だと申し上げていいのでしょう。

なにしろ「旧二条城」の建設は、西側の（室町通りの側の）石垣を積む工事から始まったことが象徴的ですし、その結果、「大手門というべき西門櫓が中心街路である室町通りに面していた」（高橋康夫ほか『豊臣秀吉と京都』）そうですから、この城の性格がよく分かろうというものです。
　
　
そして徳川の二条城とまったく同様に、この「旧二条城」にも南西の隅に（三重の)「天主」があったことが確実視されています。

で、その位置は城の全体の（つまり二ノ丸の）南西の隅であったように解説した本もありますが、当ブログの図では、地下鉄工事で判明した「内堀」で分けられた本丸と二ノ丸は、高橋説の範囲に築かれた輪郭式の構造とあえて解釈し、その本丸の南西隅に★印をつけてみました。

こうしてみますと「旧二条城」というのは、城の立地は、かつての花の御所を踏襲した室町通り沿いの南北に細長い城でありながら、輪郭式の構造や天主の位置を見れば、まるで徳川の二条城（→しかも行幸のための寛永修築後の姿）にそっくりだという、たいへんに興味深い城であった可能性が浮き彫りになるのです。

ということであれば、「旧二條城」はこれだけの配慮を行なった上での築城だったのですから、それはもちろん、花の御所と同様に、いずれは「天皇の行幸」があることを想定していなかったはずはない！… と思われるのですが、そこには時代の変化をあらわす「天主」が新たにそびえ立ったことになります。

つまりは、築城を差配した信長も、それを使う側の義昭も、両人ともこの城に「天主」のごとき高層建築が加わることに特段の支障は感じておらず、義昭自身は「天主」で度々、公家との対面や雑談、町衆の踊りの見物などをしていたと言います。
　
　
したがって、以上の事柄を総合しますと、天皇の行幸が想定された城において、天主と行幸殿の位置関係というのは、ひょっとすると、織田信長が足利義昭のために築いた「旧二条城」に始まり、それが安土城、聚楽第、徳川の二条城と、脈々と踏襲された “形式” のようなものが存在していたのかもしれない、と思えて来るのです。

ですから、そんな中で安土城天主だけが、取り立てて行幸殿の上にそびえ立ち、見おろしていた、という見方はやや唐突な感じがしますし、少なくとも武家の側で ＜天守をあげること＞ と ＜そこから行幸殿を見おろしてやる＞といった意識が直結したことは、まずは無かったのではないか、と感じるのですが、いかがでしょうか。
　

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“続々・信長の「天下」――安土城天主は天皇の行幸殿の上にそびえ立ち、見おろしていた、とする見方の多大な影響” への216件のコメント

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  213. Zenci hatun doggy pozisyonunda sevgilisine siktirip zevk alıp rahatladı.
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  216. 45 genç körpe bakire kızın evdeki am gösterisi 156 görüntülenme.
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