木版画の正体は安土セミナリヨ？それとも…

安土城天主 282件のコメント

木版画の正体は安土セミナリヨ？それとも…

「安土山図屏風」景観の切り取り方の推定

前回、幻の「安土山図屏風」二曲一双について、例えば（洛中洛外図にならって）こんな景観の切り取り方をしていたのではないか、と申し上げました。

ここまで仮説として申し上げてしまった以上は、左隻・右隻の「絵」のイメージを画像化することも出来るわけで、そこであえて下の２枚を作ってみました。

「安土山図屏風」左隻と右隻の概略イメージ（作画：横手聡）

これは勿論、それぞれのアングル（画角）から見えそうな物を単純に画像化しただけで、本物の屏風は当然、日本画としての様々な約束事や狩野派の筆づかいの中で巧みに描かれていたはずです。

これはあくまで “検討用のサンプル” であることをご理解下さい。

そして問題の「ウィンゲの木版画」の正体は、こうした屏風絵に描かれた建物の一つだった可能性もあるように思われます。

ウィンゲの木版画（原書にはtempleの注釈あり）

疑問１．ひょっとすると、これは天主以外の、安土城下で特筆すべき別の建物ではないのか？

疑問２．それは西から見た時、背後に、小舟が行き交う水路や舟入りを備えた建物ではなかったのか？

疑問３．ならば何故、その建物は、安土城天主に似た要素を備えているのか？
　
　
前々回の記事でこんな三つの疑問を申し上げましたが、例えば「疑問１」（特筆すべき別の建物…）という点では、あの有名な「安土セミナリヨ」がまず頭に浮かびます。

安土セミナリヨの推定地（安土町 大字下豊浦大臼）

宣教師らが織田信長に土地を与えられて建てたという安土セミナリヨは、いまだに遺構が発見されず、現地では大臼（だいうす…デウス）を跡地に推定しています。

当然、遺構が無いため、どんな建物だったのかは決め手を欠く状態で、一説には三階建ての日本式の楼閣建築とも言われ、そうした南蛮寺を描いた扇も有名です。

ところが、『グレゴリオ１３世一代記』には鐘塔のある石造風の安土セミナリヨが挿絵に描かれ、ヴァリニャーノ自身も「天主堂は、我がヨーロッパの慣例を保存するやうに造られ、礼拝堂は長くして、日本人がその寺院を造るに慣はしとするやうな横幅があってはならない」と書き残し、日本各地にローマ・バシリカ式の小規模な礼拝堂があった可能性を、岡本良知先生は書いています。

ローマの大聖堂のバシリカ内部

そうした中で「疑問２」（背後に小舟が行き交う水路…）からは、たいへん面白い点を指摘することができます。

右隻イメージ／「大臼」は水路を背後にしている？

ご覧のとおり、西から眺めた「新しい都市」（新市街地）を描いたはずの右隻は、大臼が屏風の中央に見え、ちょうど水路を背後にしていて、そこに “問題の小舟” が往来していた様子も十分に想像できるのです。

もしこの位置に「ウィンゲの木版画」の元絵があったのなら、かなり思い切った解釈ではありますが、この絵は三階建てのセミナリヨの表側であって、下の黄色い部分は “檜皮葺きの玄関か門” と見えなくもありません。

しかも「疑問３」（安土城天主に似た要素…）を考えますと、現に安土セミナリヨは、信長から特に許されて安土城と同じ瓦を使用していたばかりか、ひょっとすると建物自体も “天主に似せて” 建てていた（！）という、思いもよらぬ見方が出来るのかもしれません。

仮にそうだとするなら、宣教師らは「ローマ・バシリカ」と言いながら、セミナリヨの表側を安土城に似せてしまう、という政治的メリットの誘惑に傾いたわけで、真相への興味（妄想？）は尽きそうにありません。
　
　
ただし今回は、もう一つの可能性を、申し上げなければなりません。それは左隻の安土山中にあった寺院（temple）「摠見寺」（そうけんじ）です。

名所図会の安土山摠見寺（中央に本堂／画面右上隅に主郭部の石垣）

東から撮った摠見寺本堂跡（遠景の山々の下にかすかに湖面が見える）

摠見寺の本堂は、寺の古文書によりますと、裳階（もこし）の付いた五間四方の禅宗様式の仏殿だったそうで、二階建てのような構造をしていました。

（※この二階部分には「扇椽閣／せんえんかく」という二間四方の密閉された部屋が組み込まれていて、ここが信長の化身である神体「盆山」を安置した場所ではないかと、秋田裕毅先生が指摘した所でもあります。）

そうした幻の本堂は、東から見た様子が、ウィンゲの木版画に似た姿になりそうなのです。

と申しますのは、この絵は見方を変えますと “二階建ての仏殿” と “その手前の門か回廊” と見ることも可能で、現に、本堂のすぐ東にはかつて「裏門」があって、これが例えば萱葺き（かやぶき）の屋根であったなら、まさにこのとおりに見えたのではないでしょうか？

しかも仏殿部分の左下のスパッと切り取られたあたりは、地面との接地部分なのだと理解できて、先程のセミナリヨよりも、いっそう自然な描写に感じられます。

そして木版画のアングルは、本堂を南東から眺めたような角度であり、これは左隻で東から見た安土山にぴったりマッチングしそうです。

左隻イメージ／「本堂」は湖水を背後にしていた？

結局のところ、木版画の正体は安土セミナリヨか？摠見寺本堂か？という答えは、西洋で何故この絵が着目されたかという “動機” の点では、「安土セミナリヨ」が有力ではないでしょうか。

しかし建物の描写やtempleというキャプションからは「摠見寺本堂」の方が有力のようで、残念ながら、現状は五分五分と言わざるをえません。

結論として、この木版画は、安土城天主と考える以外にも、ご覧のような可能性は十分にありうると思われるのです。
　
　
さて次回は、安土城と天主の「向き」をめぐる “意外な盲点” をご紹介します。
　

※ぜひ皆様の応援を。下のバナーに投票（クリック）をお願いします。
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※本日もご覧いただき、ありがとう御座いました。

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