「人」が登らない天守への画策か ～徳川家康と藤堂高虎の密議～

江戸城・多聞山城・浜松城・浄福寺城(由井城) 241件のコメント

「人」が登らない天守への画策か ～徳川家康と藤堂高虎の密議～

徳川家康と藤堂高虎

家康時代の江戸城を推定してみますと、天守台は『当代記』に「殿守台は二十間四方也」とあるうえに、意外にも、ご覧のように２０間四方がピタリと伝来の城絵図に当てはまる、という現象があることを前回お知らせしました。

したがって文献の「二十間四方」というのは、天守台の “台上の広さ” を伝えた文言であろうことは、もうさほど異論の出ない状況なのではないでしょうか。

となれば、家康時代はかなり複雑な形状の天守曲輪（天守構え）があったにも関わらず、天守台そのものは、実に整然とした「真四角」の広大な台が築かれたことになります。
　
　
築城名人・籐堂高虎の伝記『高山公実録』では、高虎が仕上げて差し出した江戸城本丸改修の絵図を見た家康は、「此所はかく、其所はかやうにと、御手づから度々御朱引御墨引遊ばし」たそうで、そのように二人で決めた絵図に二代将軍秀忠も異論なく、そのまま「隍(ほり)池 石崖 悉(ことごとく)成就しぬ」とあります。

この文中に「石崖」＝石垣と書かれている点から、天守曲輪や天守台も当然、家康と高虎の合作であったのでしょう。

ということは、おそらく徳川氏の居城としては初めての、そして高虎の居城では経験のある「真四角な」天守(台)を、二人はあえて選択した可能性があるわけでして、今回はその狙いについてちょっと考えてみたいのです。
　

丹波亀山城天守（各階の平面が真四角 ／ 初の層塔型天守とも言われる）
窓の配置はやや不規則で、最上階はおそらく
見せかけの欄干であり、内部はかなり暗かった？？

（※写真：ウィキペディアより）

籐堂高虎と言いますと、近年は三浦正幸先生が、ご覧の丹波亀山城天守の前身（移築前の天守）と伝わる高虎の今治城天守の方を「初の層塔型天守」と主張されていますが、ただし、この移築については三浦先生ご自身が…
　
　
（三浦正幸 監修・編集・執筆『よみがえる天守』２００１年より）

高虎は今治城主であったが、慶長十三年に伊賀、伊勢の城主として転封しており、(丹波)亀山城普請を命じられた時は転封の直後であった。
大名の転封の際に居城の天守を持ち去ることは異例であるので、今治城天守を移建したとする点は信じ難い。
しかし、今治城天守新築の用材を準備中に転封となり、その材を新しい持ち城である伊賀上野城天守に利用する予定にしたところ、(丹波)亀山城天守に急に転用したと解すれば合理的であろう。
　
　
という風に、２００１年のこの本の時点では、従来の今治城天守の否定論（遺構が見つからない）に目配せした考え方も示しておられて、かなり複雑な経緯も考えられたわけですが、この時の三浦先生の想定を時系列で整理しつつ、そこに江戸城「天守台」の件を加えますと、まるで違った状況も見えて来るのです。
　
　
慶長５年　　籐堂高虎、関ヶ原の戦功により伊予国で２０万石に加増される
慶長６年　　高虎、伏見城(再建)や膳所城の天下普請で普請奉行を務める
慶長７年　　高虎、今治で居城の築城を開始し、慶長９年に一応の完成をみる
　　　　　　（※注：三浦先生はこの後の慶長９～１３年に今治城天守が新築
　　　　　　　　　　されたという形に、現在では自説を改めておられます）
慶長１１年　(前述の)高虎が縄張りした江戸城本丸改修の天下普請が始まる
慶長１２年　「二十間四方」の江戸城天守台が築かれる
慶長１３年　高虎、伊勢・伊賀に加増転封され、居城の津城を改修し始める。
　　　　　　今治城天守の用材は大坂屋敷に保管する
慶長１４年　高虎、篠山城や丹波亀山城の天下普請で縄張りを担当し、
　　　　　　天守用材を家康に献上する
慶長１５年　高虎、名古屋城の天下普請で縄張りを担当。丹波亀山城が竣工
慶長１６年　高虎、支城の伊賀上野城を改修し、１３間×１１間の天守台を築く
　
　
こういう経緯の中で丹波亀山城天守が完成したとなりますと、ここには高虎の「石高の加増」と「縄張り担当」「普請助役の免除」「重要地・伊勢への転封」そして「天守用材の献上」とが、まことに巧妙にカラミ合っていることに気付かざるをえません。

その上で、問題の天守用材と、江戸城「二十間四方」天守台との、時系列的なカンケイを思い切って邪推してみた場合は、ちょうど、今治城天守が建てられたか 建てられなかったか 分からない時期に、話題の「二十間四方」天守台が築かれているわけなのです。! !

…… もちろん私は、ここでいきなり、今治城天守と、江戸城「天守台」との間に直接的なカンケイがあった、などという暴論を申し上げるつもりはありません。

ただし、両者ともに「真四角」を大前提にしていた節があり、そして完成した丹波亀山城天守の窓がやや不規則な配置（＝建物の規模縮小？）になった点を考慮しますと、ある種の、疑念が頭に浮かんで来ます。

つまり、問題の天守用材というのは、本当に所伝どおりの、今治城や伊賀上野城などの “高虎の天守” として利用が可能な「用材」だったのでしょうか？？

と申しますのは、高虎は、豊臣時代の宇和島城は別として、関ヶ原後の今治城や津城では、ハッキリと天守を建造したことが確認できない一方で、問題の天守用材を家康に献上したあとの「伊賀上野城」では、堂々と、五重天守（１３間×１１間）を新規に建て始めたことが判っているからです。

つまり問題の天守用材とは、実は、高虎にとって “家康に対する遠慮のため、処置に困り、手に余ってしまった天守用材” だったのではないか、という観点が必要になっているように感じられてなりません。（→なぜ大坂屋敷に保管？）

言葉を変えますと、問題の用材のことは、すでに家康に知られていて、「二十間四方」天守台とも、まったく無関係とは言えない存在ではなかったのか… と。

宇和島城天守
藤堂高虎の創建時（大竹正芳先生の復元案に基く)／ 伊達宗利が再建した現存天守

さて、そういう「真四角」な天守(台)と高虎との関係は、豊臣時代の宇和島城に始まったことが知られています。

その頃から山頂の本丸内にポツンと建つ独立式（創建時は複合式）の天守であり、創建天守はそこにあった岩盤の台上に建てられたようです。

この天守の位置は、高虎の旧主・豊臣秀長の大和郡山城に似ている感じがあるもの、所詮、その位置と標高からして、すでに城の防御機能への貢献は完全に放棄されていた、という点に着目すべきではないでしょうか。

そして創建天守が各階とも真四角を基本にしていた点を合わせて考えますと、高虎はすでに、櫓とは別個の建築物として「天守」を造型していた節があります。
　
　
　
＜家康と高虎の 真四角な天守台は「立体的御殿」との決別宣言だったか＞
　
　

真四角な平面の建築と言えば…　大雁塔（中国） ／ 興福寺五重塔 ／ 法住寺捌相殿（韓国）

そして意外なことに、日本の代表的な「楼閣」の一階は真四角ではなかった
金閣は５間半×４間 ／ 銀閣は４間×３間 ／ しかし両者とも最上階は真四角

以前の記事で「金閣」を取り上げた際に、宮上茂隆先生の著書から「釣殿(つりどの)である住宅建築の上に、仏堂（二階は和様、三階は唐様）を載せる構成になっている」（『金閣寺・銀閣寺』１９９２年）という解説文を引用いたしました。

私のごとき古建築の素人があまり勝手なことは申せませんが、こうして見ますと、真四角（正方形）の建物というのは、同じく幾何学的な「六角堂」や「八角円堂」と同じ部類に含まれた、祭祀的な色合いを帯びた、人々の住宅とは別次元の建物を意味していた、ということはなかったのでしょうか。
　
　
不勉強を棚に上げてさらに申し上げるなら、そうした事柄の延長線上には、初期の望楼型天守の望楼に「三間四方」がポピュラーだったのは何故なのか、果たして「九間」との関連だけで説明しきれるのか、という問題もあるのかもしれません。

であるなら、天守の一階や、天守台そのものから「真四角」を強いる行為は、日本建築の伝統に照らして、明確な意図やメッセージを含んでいたようにも思えます。

そこで今回、あえて申し上げたいのは、家康と高虎の密議の中では、幕藩体制の中心・江戸の天下普請では、天守はもう ＜下克上を起こす「人」が登れる建築ではないものにしてしまおう＞ というような、大変に大きな歴史的判断が下されていたのかもしれない… と想像できてしまうことです。

そのような判断は、言わば、織田信長が創始した天主（「立体的御殿」）との決別宣言であったのかもしれません。

この時、徳川幕府がすでに歩みを始めた慶長１２年には、荒々しい天守の時代にいかに幕引きするかが、築城名人としての懸案であったのかもしれず、高虎はそのアイデアを江戸城改修の絵図に描き込み、家康に言上したのではなかったでしょうか。

ところがその後、現実の江戸城では、やはり家康や秀忠の天守への登閣が求められるなどして、工事の過程で計画変更が行われてしまい、（※同時に高虎が計画していた今治城天守も足をすくわれてしまい!!）結果的に、江戸では２０１２年度リポートのような特注の四重天守が出現したのではあるまいか、と思っているのですが…。

その時の、家康と高虎の密議とは

天守における真四角な平面の選択
↓
最上階から廻縁高欄を無くすこと
↓
織田信長流の「立体的御殿」との決別
↓
「人」が登らない天守への画策・誘導
↓
天守(天主)本来の凶暴なる本質の換骨奪胎
↓
徳川幕藩体制の要諦(ようてい)

＜領国統治の中心は「人」であってはならない＞

＜公儀と忠義が両立した社会体制へ＞

？？？

　

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“「人」が登らない天守への画策か ～徳川家康と藤堂高虎の密議～” への241件のコメント

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