四階建て楼閣が「天主」だった物証は無い

天守の発祥／鎌刃城・岐阜城・旧二条城・二条城／織田信長の「立体的御殿」 73件のコメント

四階建て楼閣が「天主」だった物証は無い

前回、草創期の天守について、岐阜城などを例に挙げてお話しました。

ご存知の方も多いと思いますが、岐阜城は近年、ふもとの居館跡の発掘調査を続けてきたところで、色々と成果が上がったようであり、最終的にどんな報告書が出るのか楽しみです。

（※調査の概要はブログ「信長居館発掘調査」をご覧下さい）

岐阜城 山麓の石列

さて、前回の記事では、その岐阜城のふもとに織田信長が建てた「四階建て楼閣」について、あえて詳しくは触れなかったので、今回はそれについてチョット書きます。

実はこの「四階建て楼閣」こそ、天守の発達のプロセスを説明するうえで、かなり話を複雑にしてしまった “元凶” でもあるのです。
　
　
と申しますのは、（前回のように）岐阜城は山頂に草創期の天守があったことは、「欧州の塔の如し。此より眺望すれば美濃の過半を見る（『日本西教史』）」という記述からほぼ確実と言えます。

にも関わらず、ふもとの四階建て楼閣も「天主」と命名されたという説を、３０年ほど前に、宮上茂隆先生が主張されたからです。

それ以来、岐阜城は、山頂とふもとに二つの天守があったような話が一般化してしまい、どちらが天守の源流に近いのか分かりづらく、やや混乱した状況が続いています。

例えば、宮上先生が主張した前後の、他の研究者の発言を拾ってみますと、まず大御所の一人・城戸久先生は、『日本西教史』『フロイス日本史』をもとに、まるで “御殿群が広がるなかの一部が四階建てだった” ようなニュアンスの解釈をされています。

（城戸久『名古屋城と天守建築』１９８１年より）

… すなわち山麓居館の建物として、まず大広間の存在が知られ、『西教史』記載の評議所がこれに相当するもので（中略）
さらに一段高所に書院が連続するもので、一部が四階建てであることは明瞭である。平面は一階に一五または二〇の座敷を有する点、ならびに望台、縁の存在から、おそらく中門廊・広縁・濡縁を有する園城寺光浄院、同勧学院客殿のような武家造風書院造が数棟連続したものと思われる。
　
　
さらに「四階建て楼閣」は楼閣でもなく、階段状の敷地に平屋の御殿が四段に連なったもの、という解釈に賛同した研究者が少なくありません。

（秋田裕毅『神になった織田信長』１９９２年より）

問題は、この建物が多層、つまり四階建の建物であったかどうかである。というのは、三階の茶室は、「甚だ閑静なる處」にあり、庭を備えていたと、フロイスはのべているからである。多層の建物ならば、二階から三階に上がったからといって、急に閑静な場になることはない。
　
　
結局、現在に至るまで、山麓の四階建ては「天主」と命名された楼閣だった、とまで言い切った研究者は、宮上先生のほかには無く、その主張はまさにエポックメイキングな出来事だったのです。

そこで今日は、宮上先生の主張の “論拠” はどういうものだったのか、発表時の講演の一部をご覧頂きたいと思います。

（宮上茂隆『天主と名付けられた建築』日本建築学会大会学術講演梗概集／昭和５１年より）

…さらにいま一つ注目すべきは周知の史料である『匠明』殿屋集の次の記載である（。）「武家ニ高ク作ル事ハ永禄ノ比南都多門山ニ矢倉ヲ五重ニ松永弾正始テ立ル、其後江州安土山ニ七重ニ亭ヲ信長公立給フ、是ニ名ヲ可付ト上意ヲ以嵯峨ノ策彦殿守ト名付ル也」。これは天守という名の建築の始まりを明確に述べた唯一のものであるが…
（中略）
…策彦の命名にしては『匠明』に記す「殿守」はいかにも俗っぽく、坂本城の「天主」や『信長公記』の「安土山御天主之次第」の「天主」こそ彼の撰んだ文字であった（に）違いない。それは「天帝」「上帝」などとともに、中国思想の根本をなす「天」の思想における天の主宰者を意味する。…
※（ ）内は当サイトの補足
　
　
エッ？とお感じになりませんでしたでしょうか。

「いかにも俗っぽく」「彼の撰んだ文字であった（に）違いない」という言葉でお分かりのように、宮上先生の主張は、推理というか、洞察というか、諸々の状況を総括して打ち出された「説」であって、例えば策彦（さくげん／臨済宗の禅僧）の遺稿など、何らかの “物証” にもとづく指摘ではなかったのです。

ですから場合によっては、策彦が命名したのは本当に「殿守」だった可能性もあるわけで、また岐阜城については “命名さえしなかった” 可能性も残されているのです。

さらには、仮に「天主」と命名したとしても、それは “山頂の天守” であった可能性もありうるわけです。

岐阜城天守（復興）

天守の発祥を中国古来の思想に求めた宮上先生の問題意識は、当シリーズもまったく同じスタンスではありますが、ただいまご紹介した一件だけは、その後の天守の発展プロセスを考えるうえで、看過できない重大な事柄なのです。

いまは改めて宮上先生の影響力の大きさを思うばかりで、上記の全文は、論文情報ナビゲータで公開中です。

ＰＤＦで２ページの短文ですので、ぜひ一度ご覧になってみてはいかがでしょうか？
http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110004098864/
（※開いたページ右上のＰＤＦボタンをクリック）
　

※当サイトはリンクフリーです。
※ぜひ皆様の応援を。下のバナーに投票（クリック）をお願いします。
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“四階建て楼閣が「天主」だった物証は無い” への73件のコメント

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