天主地階の金灯爐と弾薬庫の矛盾をどうする

安土城天主 59件のコメント

天主地階の金灯爐と弾薬庫の矛盾をどうする

昨年六月から続けて来ました「安土城天主」のシリーズ記事も、いよいよ最終盤と考えております。

ということで、今回は、これまで触れて来なかった一重目（地階／天主台石蔵）の“或る矛盾” についてご紹介してみたく思います。

…… ご承知のとおり『信長記』『信長公記』類は、二重目（『安土日記』では六重目）の記述のなかで、
「御なんとの数七ツ　此下に金灯爐つらせられ候」
「御南戸之数七ツ有　此下に金灯爐をかせられ候」
という、二種類の「金灯爐」についての説明をしています。

両者は、釣ったのか、置いたのか、という方法は異なるものの、それらの位置を記述どおりに図示してみますと…

新解釈『天守指図』二重目の、七つの納戸

仮に、七つの納戸の真下に「金灯爐」配置してみる

このように「金灯爐」は暗い石蔵内を照らすものですから、配置としてはややアンバランスですが、入口から遠い北側に並べたのは合理的な配置と言えるのかもしれません。

一方、他の文献には、大変に気になる記述があり、それは石蔵内部が「弾薬庫」だった、という宣教師の報告です。

（耶蘇会士 日本通信より）

中央に一種の塔がある。塔は七層楼で、内外ともに驚くべき構造である。
（中略）
建物は悉く木造であるにも拘らず、内外共に石及び石灰を用いて造ったものの如く見える。要するにこの建築は、欧州の最も壮麗なる建築と比することができる。
我々は、更にこの城が鉄砲と云う新兵器に対応して鉄の狭間戸を有し、地下には弾薬庫をもつ最近の設備をそなえていたことに一驚する。
　
　
この報告は、織田信長の後継者・豊臣秀吉の大坂城天守も、天守台石蔵は弾薬庫だったという伝承があるため、あながち否定できるものではありません。

となると、安土城の場合、天主台石蔵の中に「弾薬」と「金灯爐」が同居していた(！)ことになり、そんな危険極まりない？ “矛盾” をいったいどう解釈すればいいのでしょうか。

大阪城に現存する焰硝蔵（えんしょうぐら）

弾薬庫と申しますと、例えば江戸時代に建てられた「焰硝蔵」が大阪に現存しています。

これは調合済みの黒色火薬を保管した火薬庫であり、以前のものが落雷による爆発事故を起こしたため、より頑丈に建て直されたと伝わっています。
　
　
ここで気になるのは、本来、「焰硝」というのは、黒色火薬の原料「木炭」「硫黄」「硝石」のうちの「硝石」（硝酸カリウム）だけを意味した言葉だと思われるものの、上記の焰硝蔵では黒色火薬と同義語で使われています。

ひょっとすると、この言葉のあやが、安土城の “矛盾” を解くヒントではないのでしょうか？

例えば、㈱東京化学同人が発行した『化学辞典』（１９９４年）にはこうあります。
　
　
硝酸カリウム［potassium nitrate］ ＫＮＯ3,式量101.10.
天然には硝石（saltpeter, niter）として産する。無色の結晶または結晶性粉末。（中略）酸化力を有し、有機物、硫黄、炭素など還元性の物質を混合したものは爆発性がある。火工品製造、金属熱処理剤、食品添加物などの用途がある。
　
　
なんと硝酸カリウムは食品添加物として、肉の赤み付けに使われたり、舌でなめた時に冷ヤッとする効果を出したりもするそうですが、何より、これ自体は燃えず、爆発性も無い、という点が見逃せません。！

「長篠合戦図屏風」の信長（大阪城天守閣蔵）

そんな「硝石」は当時、大半が南蛮貿易で輸入され、信長・秀吉らが推進する統一戦争において重大な役割を占めた戦略物資でした。

となると、信長の戦略に欠かせない「硝石」だけを、天主の一重目に大切に貯蔵したとしても、そのことには特段の不思議さは感じられません。

むしろ「硝石」が燃えないことを知っていた信長は、その貴重な舶来品を納めるための空間として、わざわざ天主台「石蔵」を発明した？ のかもしれません。

このことは天守台「石蔵」がどのように成立したか、という発生起源を探るヒントになるのか…？

思えば全国の天守台には、石蔵（穴倉）の有るものと、無いものの両パターンがあって、何を基準に選択されたかと考えてみれば、小規模な天守台に無いのは当然としても、それ以外を分ける決定的な基準は見当たらないようです。

かろうじて有り得るのは、（徳川氏を含む）織田信長の家臣団であった大名家に特有の設備として、天守台石蔵があった、という傾向は言えるのかもしれません。

ですから石蔵というのは、大量の鉄砲を駆使した領土拡張、という戦略に則した城郭設備であり、そうした戦略にのめりこんだ信長家臣団の習性として、その後も長く（用途がやや変わったとしても）形式だけ踏襲し続けたのでしょうか。

京都の本能寺跡で発見された瓦

さて、ここからは全くの余談ですが、“信長と地下の弾薬庫” と言えば、いわゆる「八切意外史」の一つ『信長殺し、明智光秀ではない』の仰天ストーリーが思い出されてなりません。

ご存知の方も多いとは思いますが、要点だけ申しますと、本能寺の地下にも焰硝蔵があった、という設定をいちはやく打ち出した本でした。

その夜、正体不明の軍勢が本能寺の周辺に整列した数時間後、突然、寺の建物が爆発し、中にいた者は「髪の毛一筋残さず」吹き飛ばされ、信長は落命したという筋立てです。
　
　
本能寺の変の実際は？ という意外性で読ませる本でしたが、一方、最近の発掘調査では、信長がいた本能寺の居所は、こじんまりとした建物を一重の堀がめぐっていただけの “戦の陣所のような仮御殿” であった可能性が浮上しています。

となると、そんな無用心な居所を、夜明け前に軍勢が静かに取り囲むというのは、あたかも信長の出陣を待つ軍勢の整列のようでもあり、ならば「髪の毛一筋残さず」と伝えられた爆発的炎上は何なのか、というナゾがどんどん深まりそうです。…
　

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