工程の推理(２)－秀吉時代の大坂城が出来るまで

豊臣大坂城・石山本願寺城・徳川再建大坂城 115件のコメント


工程の推理(２)－秀吉時代の大坂城が出来るまで－

クイズ番組の「二つの絵を見て、違いを探して下さい！」ではありませんが、今回の話題は、まさに二つの屏風絵の違いが【謎解き】に関わって来ます。……

上は「京大坂祭礼図屏風」（個人蔵）の大坂城本丸で、下は「大坂冬の陣図屏風」（東京国立博物館蔵）で同じ範囲が描かれた部分です。

ご覧のように上の絵は、極楽橋や桜御門のほかに、手前（西側）から本丸に渡る “もう一本の木橋” が架かっているのに対し、下の絵は、その橋の辺りがちょうど金雲で見えなく（！）なっています。

当ページの最上部バナーの「リポートの前説」をお読みの方は、「アッ」とお気付きのことでしょうが、ここでも問題の “金雲” が暗躍しているのです。

では早速、この【謎解き】を始めることにしましょう。
　
　
　
＜工程の仮説３．会津若松城と同様に 二つの馬出し曲輪があったはず＞
　
　

今回のリポートのイラストにおいて、やはり “風当たりの強い” 特徴的な表現（仮説）が、本丸の北側と西側に描いた「馬出し曲輪」でしょう。

これらは現存の会津若松城にも見られるもの（北出丸・西出丸）ですが、現地の発掘調査では、同じ場所から、前代の蒲生（がもう）時代と思しき馬出しの石垣跡も見つかっています。

会津若松城と大坂城築城時の馬出し（※図の両城の方角は異なる）

左の会津若松城を築いた蒲生氏郷（がもう うじさと）は、豊臣政権下で徳川家康・毛利輝元に次ぐ９２万石の大大名に登りつめた人物ながら、突然の病で早死にしたために、のちに新井白石が『藩翰譜』（はんかんふ）で石田三成による毒殺説をほのめかしました。

私の勝手な印象でも、氏郷の最盛時の領国（会津若松ほか）は海が無く、内陸部に封じ込められた感があって、これも氏郷の実力が政権中枢部から警戒されていた証のように思われてなりません。
　
　
そんな中で、氏郷が、秀吉の天下統一の総仕上げ「奥羽仕置」の地・会津若松で、居城を大坂城とそっくりに築いていたとしますと、これは、かなり痛切な響きがあります。

氏郷の胸中を含めて、築城の方針に関する発言は殆ど無かったようですが、これはひょっとすると、「ひたすら大坂城のとおり」ならば、もう何も仰々しく語る必要は無かったのかもしれません。

さて、今回の仮説の「北馬出し曲輪」は、第一義的には極楽橋が直接、城外にさらされることを避けつつ、本丸北側の防御と出撃の機能を担った曲輪です。

その形は、幸いにして『僊台武鑑』の大坂冬の陣配陣図（個人蔵）にうっすらと痕跡が残されているようなのです。

ご覧の場所が「北馬出し曲輪」の範囲だったとしますと、例えば京橋を渡って来た者がここに入るには、いったん掘際の狭い通路を進んで、さらに堀と本丸に背を向けながら城門に向かわざるをえない、という巧みな構造が見えて来ます。
　
　
また、この馬出し曲輪の東側（図では左）は、配陣図の「舟入り堀」に接していた可能性も見てとれます。

このような形式は「馬出し」本来の機能とはやや違ったものになりますが、京の都と連絡する淀川の水運こそ、豊臣政権にとって重大な意味を持っていた点を踏まえますと、かなり信憑性は高いのではないでしょうか。
　
　
ちなみに、後の伏見城にも（こちらは大坂城との連絡のために）巨大な「舟入り堀」が備えられていて、それは慶長地震の復興時にもきちんと再築されたほど、不可欠の設備だったことが判ります。

したがって大坂城も、同じ淀川水系の城として、伏見城に似た条件下にあったと考えますと、「舟入り堀」に接した曲輪（「北馬出し曲輪」）には、おそらく接遇のための「舟入御殿」が設けられていたと想像されるのです。

さて、一方の「西馬出し曲輪」は、会津若松城と全く同じならば本丸の東側になりますが、正反対の西側であったように思われます。

その第一の理由は、中井家蔵『本丸図』にある、石垣の下段に設けられた「細い城道」の不可思議な様子にあるのです。

この細い道を城外（右）からたどりますと、本丸に深く切れ込んだ掘の際をグルッと半周して、詰ノ丸や山里曲輪の直下にまで達することが出来ます。

逆にたどる場合は、まるで落城時の脱出ルートみたいですが、それにしては何故、道の先端が城外で “むきだし” になっているのでしょうか？

これでは侵入者に「ここからどうぞ」と言わんばかりであって、およそ理解不能です。
　
　
ですから例えば、本来、この道の先端には “何か” があったのではないでしょうか？？

その “何か” によって城外と隔てられていたのが、やがて輪郭式の二ノ丸が築かれて、全体が城内に組み込まれますと、その後に“何か”が無くなった時、先端はむきだしのまま放置されてしまったのかもしれません。

で、その “何か” こそ「西馬出し曲輪」だとしますと、この道は、密かに馬出しの内側に通じることになり、それは柵ごしに堀や本丸を眺めただけでは殆ど気付かれない、見事な仕掛けになります。

そして第二の理由が、冒頭に申し上げた “もう一本の木橋” です。

改めてご覧いただきますと、上側の「京大坂祭礼図屏風」には、西から本丸に渡る木橋が描かれています。

このような木橋は『本丸図』の類は勿論、どの大坂陣の配陣図にも見当たらない “謎の木橋” であり、下側の「大坂冬の陣図屏風」の絵師は頭を抱えたことでしょう。

―― こんな木橋、資料のどこにある！ また金雲で隠すしかないッ… と。

つまりこの木橋は、「大坂冬の陣図屏風」が描かれた江戸初期から、密かに、問題とされて来た存在であることが疑われるのです。

では試しに、この木橋が（築城当初は）実在した可能性を考えてみますと、例えば、第一の理由で浮上した「西馬出し曲輪」の地点から、まっすぐ東（下図では左）に木橋が延びていた場合、その着地点はちょうど山里曲輪の西端（右端）の一段低い場所になります。

そしてこの場所は、先程の「細い城道」の終着点でもあるのです。

つまりこの木橋が実在した場合、《西馬出し曲輪―木橋―山里曲輪の西端―細い城道―西馬出し曲輪…》という、ループ状の閉じた空間が出来上がるのです。

このことから「細い城道」とは、城外と城内の中間に設けられた、帯曲輪の一部であったことが明確になり、これもまた見事な工夫（オリジナリティ）と言えるのではないでしょうか。
　
　
そこでさらにイラストでは、『本丸図』の石垣の屈曲を “改造の跡” と想定して、そこに木橋の東端や櫓門、および屏風絵の三重櫓を描いてみました。

さて、以上の仮説を総合しますと、問題の「表御殿」は二つの門「主門・脇門」（礼門・通用門）を備えたことになり、それは京の足利将軍邸にならったデザインである可能性が出て来るのです。

足利将軍邸の二つの門について、千田嘉博先生はこう書いておられます。

（千田嘉博『戦国の城を歩く』２００３年より）

館の正面には平唐門形式の礼門（らいもん）とよぶ正式の門と、四脚門形式の日常の通用門という二つの門があったことも見てとれます。礼門は将軍のお出ましなど特別なときしか用いませんでした。（中略）日常使いの通用門は戸が開いていて、人びとが出入りできました。
　
　
このように築城時の表御殿が、足利将軍邸の作法にのっとって造営されていたのなら、ひょっとすると、唐破風屋根のある極楽橋こそ、人々に事実上の「礼門」と見られていたのではないのか―――

華やかさといい、奇抜さといい、秀吉の宮殿の「顔」として申し分のない建造物だったと思われます。

（次回に続く）

※ぜひ皆様の応援を。下のバナーに投票（クリック）をお願いします。
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※本日もご覧いただき、ありがとう御座いました。

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