全国に広がる「極楽橋」チルドレンの城郭群

豊臣大坂城・石山本願寺城・徳川再建大坂城 159件のコメント


全国に広がる「極楽橋」チルドレンの城郭群

前回、最後のくだりが「極楽橋」の話題になり、それは豊臣大坂城の本丸の「顔」であったと申し上げましたが、今回は、その補足の余談をチョットお話させて戴きます。

―― それは豊臣大坂城のあとも、「極楽橋」か、ほぼ同様の廊下橋を持つ城は全国にいくつも事例が続いていて、それらの橋はまさに本丸の「顔」であったり、はたまた奥の別郭への「扉」であったりした、というお話です。

高橋隆博編『新発見 豊臣期大坂図屏風』２０１０年

（※ちなみにこの話題は、大坂城にいつごろ廊下橋形式の極楽橋があったのか？という「時期の問題」がつきまといますが、仮に上記の本の解説のように慶長元年～同５年という限られた時期であったとしても、それが「顔」だったのか、別郭への「扉」だったのかという、橋の位置付けはやはり重要ですから、ひとまずこちらのお話を先にいたします。）
　

　　一例：金沢城「極楽橋」の現状　　　一例：和歌山城に復元された「御橋廊下」
　

大坂城以降の「極楽橋」や屋根付の廊下橋には様々なものがあり、その多様性をどのように整理できるかが課題でしょう。そこで例えば…

まず「極楽橋」という名のついた橋の一群があり、そして別の名がついた屋根付の廊下橋の一群もある中で、それらを位置関係や用途から分類しますと、本丸の「顔」として建てられた例と、おもに数寄の別郭への「扉」として設けられた例が混在しているようです。

しかも「極楽橋」という名称を受け継ぎながら、屋根が無かった木橋もあるため、話はやや複雑です。
　
　
例えば伏見城の「極楽橋」もそうで、多くの洛中洛外図屏風であたかも “城の顔” のように描かれたものの、それらはすべて屋根の無い木橋でした。

かと思えば、２０１０年に初公開された洛中洛外図屏風（個人蔵）では、手前の「極楽橋」とは別に、城内の奥まった場所に（おそらくは舟入堀を越えて学問所に渡るための）豪華な廊下橋が描かれていて話題になりました。

ＫＫベストセラーズ『歴史人』２０１１年１月号にも掲載された話題の屏風

こうした状況は、「極楽橋」と廊下橋の使われ方が、すでに豊臣政権下で変化していた影響ではないかと思われるものの、真相はよく分かりません。

そんな中でも、次のような興味深い現象が見られるのです。
　
　
　
＜注目すべき事例１ ＝渡った先の左手前隅角に天守台、松平秀康の福井城＞
　
　

福井城に復元された「御廊下橋」／ちょうど背後の石垣が天守台

福井城はご承知のとおり、徳川家康の次男で、二代将軍・秀忠の兄にあたる松平秀康（まつだいら ひでやす）が築いた居城です。

かつては写真の天守台上に天守がそびえていて、この写真の方角から見ますと、まさに当サイトが申し上げている「信長の作法」を踏まえていた疑いがあります。

詰ノ丸（「奥」）の左手前隅角に天守 …豊臣大坂城の場合

しかも福井城の城絵図によりますと、上記の写真の手前側、つまり「御廊下橋」のこちら側は「山里」と名づけられた “馬出しのような曲輪” になっていて、その形状はまるで、当リポートの「北馬出し曲輪」にそっくり（！）なのです。

松平文庫蔵『寛文年間家中屋敷図』より　　　　　リポートの豊臣大坂城イラスト
　

このようなデザインの類似や「山里」という名称の符合は、豊臣大坂城のこの場所の変遷（歴史）を踏まえたものだと言わざるをえません。

これはいったい何故なのか？と考えますと、やはり城主の松平秀康が、家康の次男でありながら、実際は豊臣秀吉の側近くで育ったという事実を想わずにはいられません。
　
　
小牧・長久手戦後の事実上の人質として、秀康が豊臣家の養子に入ったのは１１歳の時。まさに完成途上の大坂城で秀吉と対面した秀康は、その後、関東の結城家を継いでもなお、伏見や名護屋で秀吉の側近くに仕えたと言います。

関ヶ原合戦の後に福井を居城とし、松平を名乗った秀康が、はるばる江戸入りする時には、二代将軍・秀忠が兄の秀康を品川まで出迎え、駕籠を並べて江戸に入ったという有名な逸話を残しました。

そんな秀康の居城にやはり、豊臣大坂城の残照がくっきりと残されていたことには、徳川と豊臣の間で数奇な人生をおくった秀康の、意地のようなものが感じられるのです。

　
　
＜注目すべき事例２ ＝徳川秀忠・家光の二条城の細部も豊臣大坂城そっくり＞
　
　

二条城の「橋廊下」／橋の二階部分が取り壊された現状

さて、二条城は江戸初期に、大御所・徳川秀忠と三代将軍・家光が、後水尾天皇の行幸を迎えるため、二重の堀に囲まれた城に大改造されました。

そしてその時、二ノ丸御殿から本丸御殿へ内掘を渡る地点に「橋廊下」が架けられました。

行幸の直後に橋の二階部分は取り壊されたものの、今に残る橋の様子もまた、色々と見所が多いのです。

かつては立体交差の複雑な構造だった… 天皇は橋廊下の二階を通って左の本丸へ

全体の構想として、本丸が大御所・秀忠の御殿、二ノ丸が将軍・家光の御殿を兼ねていたと言われますので、「橋廊下」は本丸の格式を高めつつ、ひょっとすると “奥の院” に渡るニュアンスを加味する意図もあったのかもしれません。

したがって「橋廊下」は本丸の「顔」でありつつ、別郭への「扉」でもあったのかもしれず、まさに大坂城や伏見城で熟成された「極楽橋」の進化形のようです。

左：橋を渡って本丸側から見たところ　　　右：少し角度をずらして撮影　　
　

さらに現状の細部を見ますと、これはもう豊臣大坂城を手本とした可能性が濃厚なのです。

例えば右写真の奥の小さな石段は、中井家蔵『本丸図』の極楽橋のたもとに描かれた小さな石段と、まったく同じ位置関係になります。

そして二条城の場合、この小さな石段の上を、先程の天皇が渡った二階廊下が通っていて、そのまま真っ直ぐ本丸御殿の遠侍に達する形になっていました。

（※リポートのイラストもほぼ同じ構造を想定しています）

一方、二条城「橋廊下」の一階を渡って来た者は、大きな方の石段を登って本丸の敷地に上がり、目の前に現れた本丸御殿の玄関から入る形になります。

これもまた豊臣大坂城の仮説と同じスタイルです。
　
　
ちなみに下の右写真のように、一階を渡った突き当たりの石垣は、他より大ぶりな石を選んで積んであり、この橋が本丸の正面入口であることを示しています。

左：小さな石段の側から見た様子　　　　　　　右：突き当たりの石垣　　　　　
　

このように「極楽橋」の進化と伝播は、なかなか語り尽くすことが出来ませんで、また回を改めてお話させて戴きます。―――
　

高松城の「鞘橋」／背後に見える建物が天守台上の玉藻殿（解体前）

ここもまた廊下橋を渡った先の左隅に天守が！！

※ぜひ皆様の応援を。下のバナーに投票（クリック）をお願いします。
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