天下人の基壇「秀吉流天守台」が存在した！？

秀吉流天守台・伏見城・伊勢亀山城・津城 183件のコメント


天下人の基壇「秀吉流天守台」が存在した！？

２０１０年度リポートの「工程の推理」の話題が一段落したところで、豊臣秀吉が「天守」の歴史にいかに貢献したかを確認するため、今回から、秀吉の天守をめぐる大胆仮説を幾つか申し上げてまいります。……

小田原城天守（昭和３５年復興）

さて、お馴染みの小田原城天守は、最初の天守がいつごろ建てられたのかハッキリしないものの、江戸時代の初めの「正保城絵図」には、現状とほとんど変わらないような三重天守が描かれています。


そして現状の天守台石垣は、関東大震災での崩壊後に修築されたものですが、これもほぼ旧態（江戸時代の初め）に近い形の石垣であることは、「正保城絵図」や大震災前の古写真で確認できます。

で、この天守台の形、一見しますと徳川将軍の城（江戸城や駿府城など）に類似したプランのように感じられるかもしれませんが、よくよく見ますと、実は中井家蔵『本丸図』の豊臣大坂城の天守台と、非常に似かよった構想で築かれているのです。

なんと小田原城と豊臣大坂城が… 天守台の平面の比較（ともに左が南）

ご覧の色分けのように、双方の天守台の部分部分は、その形や高さ・面積の比率がやや異なってはいるものの、それぞれに対応する部分の配置はまったく同じです。

ただし何故か天守台と本丸（詰ノ丸）御殿の位置関係が逆になるのですが、天守台それ自体は、おそらく同一のプランから生まれたと申し上げてもいいほど似ています。

具体的に申せば、双方とも、天守台南側の石段から登ると、同じような形で張り出した続櫓（付櫓）を経て天守本体に入ること。
そして双方とも天守台は二段式であり、中段に武者走りがめぐっていること。
しかもその武者走りは、ともに天守台の二辺だけをめぐっていて、先程の続櫓（付櫓）との位置関係もそっくりであること、などです。

このようにして見ますと、小田原城天守台は必ずしも徳川将軍の天守台に一番似ている、とは言いきれない事情がお分かりいただけるでしょう。

では何故、こんなことが起きてしまったのでしょうか？

小田原城と豊臣大坂城という、意外な二つの城をつなぐ “ミッシングリンク” として考えられるのは、やはり、すぐ間近にあった、豊臣秀吉の小田原攻めの御座所「石垣山城」以外にはないのかもしれません。

小田原城天守から見た石垣山（笠懸山）…笠を伏せたような山の頂が城跡

天正１８年１５９０年、関白秀吉が率いる約２０万の軍勢の包囲によって、北条氏の本拠地・小田原城が降伏、開城しました。

御座所の石垣山城を含む小田原の地は、徳川家康の領内となり、家康の重臣による統治や、無城主の城番時代が続くうちに、江戸時代を迎えました。
　
　
その過程でいつごろ石垣山城が破却されたのかは、これまた定かでなく、一方の小田原城がようやく近世城郭として面目を一新したのは、寛永１０年（１６３３年）、三代将軍・徳川家光の上洛にそなえた作事のおりでした。

冒頭の「正保城絵図」はその完成した状態を描いたものですから、天守台の “酷似” の原因を想像してみますと、石垣山城を管轄した小田原城主の学習なのか、もしくは伏見城の手伝い普請等による徳川家の学習と考える以外はなさそうです。
　
　
そしてさらに興味深いのが、小田原城天守台の最大の特徴である、長大な登閣石段なのです。

小田原城天守台の石段（現状）

これほど長い石段をもつ天守台は、他の城にはなかなか類例がありません。

唯一、意外な所にヒントがあって、秀吉が小田原攻めと相前後して築城を命じた、九州の肥前名護屋城（ひぜんなごやじょう）の屏風絵に、意外なモノがあったのです。

『肥前名護屋城図屏風』（佐賀県立名護屋城博物館蔵）の本丸周辺

ご覧のとおり、天守の手前に、小田原城の石段にも似たスロープが（！）描かれているのです。

屏風絵のこの程度の描写にこだわるのはセンシティブに過ぎるのかもしれませんが、この絵の妙に石垣を傾斜させた描写には、はっきりと意図してこの線を引いた、という感じが見て取れます。
　
　
では実際の城跡はどうなっているのか？と申しますと、残念ながら江戸時代の城破り（しろわり）のためか、該当する辺りの崩壊は激しく、一部に残る石垣を含めて三次元的な解析が必要のようです。

肥前名護屋城址／該当する周辺を天守台跡から見おろすと…

で、他に何か手がかりがないかと考えた場合、真っ先に思い当たるのは、中井家蔵『本丸図』の黄堀図に描かれた、小さな石段です。

この石段、別史料（青堀図）では省略されてしまうほどに存在感が薄く、これまでは城郭研究者の関心を殆ど呼ばなかったものです。

ですが、この石段はまさに小田原城（や肥前名護屋城）との共通性を物語る大事な存在です。

しかもこの石段を上がると、長さ「十二間」という細長い付壇があった点がかなり重要のように思われ、何故なら、この付壇は言わば「天守に至る参道」の役割を果たしていたようにも思われるからです。

となると、やはり豊臣大坂城の石段も、相当に重要な位置付けにあったはずで、これら各城に共通する手法を「秀吉流天守台」と呼ぶべきではないかと思われるのです。

と申しますのは、この手法が、やがて徳川将軍の天守台 ――つまり天守台（天守本体）の手前に小天守台が設けられ、その右側から幅広い（三間幅の）石段で登閣する形―― に発達したと考えることも出来そうだからです。

そしてその場合、秀吉の天守台は “天下人の基壇” とされたのかもしれません。

（※詳細はまた回を改めてお話し致します）

二代目・豊臣秀頼の再建天守を仮定したイラスト

さて、かなり以前にご紹介したこのイラストも、そうした秀吉流天守台の長大な石段を描いた絵であり、この頃は石段が屋根で被われていて、これが「大坂夏の陣図屏風」の天守周辺の描写につながったのだろうと考えたものです。

あれから２年越しで、ようやくこの絵の種明かしをすることが出来ました。

（※次回に続く）

※ぜひ皆様の応援を。下のバナーに投票（クリック）をお願いします。
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