続「商人兵」…地中海ローマ帝国も常備軍で維持されていた

天守の発祥／鎌刃城・岐阜城・旧二条城・二条城／織田信長の「立体的御殿」 68件のコメント


続「商人兵」…地中海ローマ帝国も常備軍で維持されていた

まずは冒頭にて、お陰様で累計５０万アクセスを超えましたことを厚く御礼申し上げます。


（※当図は藤田達生『信長革命』２０１０年に掲載の図を参考に作成）

さて、前回ご覧いただいたこの地図に、その後の織田信長のすべての天守の位置をダブらせてみたら、どうなるのだろうか？？…という興味は勿論あって、早速やってみたのが次の図です。


（※「内陸部」「海寄り」「海辺・湖畔」の定義は２０１１年度リポートの図と同様）

ただ、ここでお断りしておきますと、この類の地図（信長時代の天守を網羅した地図）は世上に殆ど存在しないようで、それは当然の如く「最初の天守はどれか？」という難題中の難題に迫らざるをえない、という事情があるからでしょう。

―――で、当ブログは、そんなデンジャラスな地雷原に足を踏み込む自信はありませんので、ご覧の地図はあくまでも、天正１０年「本能寺の変」当時の様子として、少しでも可能性のある天守を（かなり積極的に）挙げてみたものです。

（※したがって当図はすでに石山本願寺が退去した後の状態で、大坂城には丹羽長秀が入り、当ブログの仮説の長秀在番天守 →記事 があったという想定です）

当図は仮説の仮説であることをご了解のうえでご覧いただきますと、天守の位置だけで申し上げれば、みごとに藤田達夫先生の持論（…信長政権は「黎明期の海洋国家」等々）のとおりに配置されて行ったように見えます。

（藤田達夫『信長革命 「安土幕府」の衝撃』２０１０年より）

信長が意識した海洋国家とは、港湾都市の流通と平和を保障することで租税を集積し、その卓越した資本力で兵農分離を遂げた強力な軍隊を組織して商圏をさらに広げてゆくことに本質をもった。まさに父祖譲りの発想なのだ。
やがては、琵琶湖に面する安土に本拠を移し、伊勢海に加えて日本海と瀬戸内海という三つの海を支配し、東アジアの外交秩序の再編を意識した本格的な改革を推進してゆくのである。いうまでもないが、この延長に秀吉の対外出兵は位置づけられる。

そしてご覧のように、細かく配置を見ますと、内陸部の天守の多くが大坂城（旧・石山本願寺）を包囲するため、東側からグルリと並べられたことも明白のようです。

つまりそれだけ、大阪湾（瀬戸内海）に出ることは信長の悲願だったことがうかがわれ、どうやら信長は日本海側の天守の建造をそっちのけにして、石山本願寺の包囲に血道をあげていたらしく、これが完成し大坂を獲得してしまうと、「もはや畿内に敵はいない」と思わず慢心したのもうなずけるような配置なのです。

お馴染みの「ラストサムライ」ならぬ「The Last Legion」のローマ兵

※コリン・ファース(左)主演／日本未公開作／時代設定は以下の話よりずっと後の時代

さて、唐突にこんな写真をお見せしたのは、前回から海辺の天守群と「兵商」の関係について申し上げて来ましたが、＜版図の拡大と兵農分離＞という問題は、そうとうに古い歴史のあるテーマだと言えそうだからです。

例えば地中海の一都市国家だった古代ローマは、拡大と内乱を経て、皇帝アウグストゥスの時代に約３０万の「常備軍」を備えることになったそうです。

地中海を介して拡大した古代ローマ帝国／紀元前２７年までの版図

（ゴールズワーシー『古代ローマ軍団大百科』池田裕ほか訳より）

領土の拡張が進むにつれ、戦闘はますますイタリアから遠く離れた地で行われるようになり、被征服地に大規模な駐屯軍を置く必要が生じた。市民軍体制ではこうした新しい状況に対応しきれなかった。
　
（阪本浩『ローマ帝国一五〇〇年史』２０１１年より）

長期的にみて大きな問題は、一都市国家の体制から、地中海世界を支配するにふさわしい体制への転換である。
第一に、遠方の海外属州を支配し防衛するためには常備軍が必要であった。市民軍、すなわち、農地に戻らなければならない中小農民の徴兵制では、これは無理だった。
第二に、新しい社会層が形成されていた。何よりも属州支配は、資本家のチャンスを拡大していた。（中略）ローマの富裕層のなかでも、元老院議員とならずに経済活動に専念した資本家たちは「騎士」と呼ばれるようになる。
　
　
古代ローマの軍制の変化についての一節ですが、特に二番目の阪本先生の文章は、どこか織豊政権の武将らのことを言っているかのようなニュアンスを帯びていて、ちょっと驚いてしまいます。

例えば滝川一益や羽柴秀吉、蜂須賀正勝や小西行長といった武将らを思うと、彼らの出現と織豊政権の版図の急拡大（その結果の天下再統一）は、言わば “同じエネルギー” が働いていたように感じられてなりません。

―――彼らのような「常備軍」の自律的なダイナミズムを野放しにすることが、即、版図の拡大につながっていて、それを信長は（表面は高圧的でいながら）密かに欲したのだと…。
　
　
ではその起点になった、信長自身の「海洋国家」への関心はどこから来たのだろうか、という点については、前出の藤田先生は「父祖譲りの発想」なのだとおっしゃっています。

（前出『信長革命 「安土幕府」の衝撃』より）

かつて父信秀が、山科家などの京都の公家との交流をもち、朝廷や伊勢神宮へ何千貫文もの大金を献金しえたのは、津島や熱田といった有力港湾都市を掌握したことに求めることができるからである。
商人たちの保護への反対給付として、租税を銭貨で徴収したと考えられる。したがって信長の経済力も、父譲りの銭貨蓄積によるものだったとみてよい。
　
　
確かに時系列的に考えますと、この指摘のように、信長の海洋国家への関心は父・信秀の代からの織田家の環境が育んだとするのが妥当のようで、文献史料からたどれる「答え」はそれ以外に無いのかもしれません。

でも、誠に、まことに勝手な空想で恐縮なのですが、例えばルイス・フロイスら宣教師は、信長との長時間にわたる会見の中で ＜地中海ローマ帝国＞ の話はしなかったのでしょうか。

と申しますのも、古代ローマ帝国こそ、キリスト教が世界宗教に飛躍できた踏み台でもあったことはご承知のとおりで、フロイスがバチカンの法皇云々、イエズス会の発足云々の話をしていくうえで、ローマ帝国の説明は避けて通れなかったように感じるからです。

つまりフロイスらの口から出た＜地中海ローマ帝国＞の話が、海洋国家への熱情、そして常備軍（兵商の活用と兵農分離）や方面軍の編成という織田軍の核心部分について、信長の意を深めた「ダメ押し」になっていたのではないか…

などという空想中の空想に、私なぞは心がザワついてしまうのです。
　

※ぜひ皆様の応援を。下のバナーに投票（クリック）をお願いします。
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※本日もご覧いただき、ありがとう御座いました。

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