精神的には岐阜城の山頂天守の方が安土城よりもラジカルだったか… と思わせる織田信長の問いかけ

天守の発祥／鎌刃城・岐阜城・旧二条城・二条城／織田信長の「立体的御殿」 156件のコメント


精神的には 岐阜城の山頂天守の方が 安土城よりもラジカルだったか… と思わせる織田信長の問いかけ

思いますに、我が国の「天守」が最たるもので、建築というのは本当に「意味」「意図」「目的」の体現だと感じるのですが、こんなことを申し上げるのは、オリンピックで使う新国立競技場が “いったん屋根無しで完成” というドタバタ劇を聞いたからでして、そもそもは、ラグビーＷ杯の誘致との抱き合わせ という姑息(こそく)な発想が災いしたのでしょうか。

そこで一つ、比較になるのか分かりませんが、「意味」「意図」「目的」が完全に抜け落ちてしまった無残な建物として “日本史上ワーストワン” に挙げるべきは、戦前の、大政翼賛会の本部だったのではないでしょうか？？

―――かの大政翼賛会の本部がどこにあったか、ご存知ですか？

その歴史的なネームバリューから言えば、アドルフ・ヒトラーの総統官邸のむこうを張るぐらいの建物なのかと思いきや、まるで逆でした。

終戦時に、大政翼賛会の本部は、今では法務省がある霞ヶ関１丁目１番地で…

昭和２０年、終戦時の大政翼賛会の本部は、ご覧のとおり場所だけはスゴイものの、建物はなんと、移転したあとの府立第一中学校（都立日比谷高校の前身）の廃墟同然の空き校舎( ! ! )を使っていたのでした。
　
　
その経緯は杉森久秀著『大政翼賛会前後』に詳しく、大政翼賛会というのは、かの近衛文麿(このえ ふみまろ)を中心に、すべての政党・政治勢力を糾合すべく発足したものの、実態は、政党や政治活動を “あって無きがもの” にする統制組織に横滑りし、近衛自身は早々に意欲を失っていたそうです。

そのせいか、発足時の本部は皇居近くの壮麗な「東京會舘」を接収してスタートしたものの、まもなくタライ回しの転居が始まり、まずは現在の国会議事堂の建設中に使った木造の「仮議事堂」に引っ越しし、さらに戦局が悪化するなかで、府立第一中学校が移転して十数年、空き家状態だった「日比谷校舎」(明治３２年造)に入居して、終戦を迎えました。

ですから「大政翼賛会」という名前（＝現在のイメージ）と実態との間には、実は、そうとうな開きがあったわけでして、そのうえ上記の東京會舘や日比谷高校は自身のＨＰにそうした経緯を一切、載せておりませんし、当時も今も殆どの日本人が所在地を知らないわけですから、大政翼賛会の本部とは、言わば「意味」「意図」「目的」のすべてを失った “迷いの館” であったと思えて来るのです。

で、新国立競技場はそんなものにならぬように祈りつつ、今日の本題に入りますと…
　
　
　
＜岐阜城の山頂天守の最上階はどうなっていたか？ を想像させる
　ロレンソに対する織田信長の問いかけ＞
　
　
　
当ブログでは、岐阜城の山頂の「主城」でロイス・フロイスらが目撃した「千本の矢」というのは、アマテラスとスサノオの伝説にちなんだ神前の「千入(ちのり)の靫(ゆぎ)」ではなかったか？ などと申し上げましたが、そうした千本の矢が置かれたのが山頂天守の一階とすれば、最上階の方はどうなっていたのでしょう。

例えば最近では、姫路城天守の最上階にある長壁(おさかべ)神社が改めて話題になりましたし、その他を見回しても、天守の最上階にあった宗教関連のものはどれも神社や神棚ばかりである一方、何故か、織田信長の安土城天主の最上階だけが古代中国の三皇五帝など儒教的な絵画で占められていた、という妙なコントラストがあります。

これはいったい何に起因した現象なのか？ という疑問を解くカギは、岐阜城の山頂天守にあるのではないでしょうか。

この人物が、修道士のロレンソ了斎か？（神戸市立博物館蔵「南蛮屏風」より）

さて、平戸の出身で、それ以前は琵琶法師だったという修道士・ロレンソ了斎(りょうさい)は、フロイスと共に岐阜城の「主城」に登り、そこで信長みずからの歓待を受けたわけですが、結城了吾著『ロレンソ了斎』によると、ご覧の絵の人物がロレンソらしいとのことで、思わずハッとするものがあります。

と申しますのは、絵の人物は外国人宣教師らの間に立っていて、私のごときテレビ番組制作を行って来た者には、ロレンソらしき人物の立ち位置は、さながら海外取材の成否を左右する「現地コーディネーター」そのものに見えてならないからです。

（『完訳フロイス日本史』第一部九五章…岐阜城の訪問）

信長の傲慢と見栄は一通りでなく、あらゆる人々、ことに仏僧を軽蔑し、彼らに対して非常な嫌悪を抱いていた。（中略）彼がなしたすべてのことのうち、我らはここでは若干の主要なことだけに言及しよう。
（中略）
信長は談話を続け、ロレンソ修道士に、日本の神につき、なお伊弉諾(イザナギ)、伊弉冉(イザナミ)がこの国の最初の住民であるとの説をどう思うか、と質問した。信長はこの際、修道士から与えられた返答を喜び、修道士はデウスの正義と慈悲に関し詳細な談義を続けた。

他の部屋で傾聴していたおびただしい数の貴人たちは、修道士の言葉を聞いて非常な喜びを示し、信長は彼ら以上に喜び、明白な言葉で、「これ以上に正当な教えはあり得ない。邪道に走る者がこれを憎悪するわけがわくわかる」と語った。
（中略）
その時、以前に仏僧であり、信長が大いに信頼している（松井）友閑なる老人が口を出して、「伊留満（修道士）がデウスの教えについていとも詳細に語り得ても、これは伴天連らが教えこんでいるのだろうから予は驚かぬ。だが、彼が日本の諸宗の秘儀をかくも根本的に把握していることは、仏僧らにおいても稀なことで、予はその点で驚き入った」と述べた。
　
　
ご覧の部分からして、この時、ロレンソは信長の問いかけに対して、イザナギ・イザナミという、日本神話の天地開闢(てんちかいびゃく)において神世七代の最後に生まれ、日本列島を創造した男女神について、決して否定や非難をしたのではなかったのでしょう。

逆に松井友閑もうなるほどの上手(うま)い受け答え… おそらくは日本神話とキリスト教の天地開闢（天地創造）との間の解釈的な整合性をとなえてみせたのは明らかで、そうした解釈を信長も喜んだのでしょう。

このことは記録者のフロイスにしても、この第一部九五章で信長の「若干の主要なことだけ」として挙げたのは、イザナギ・イザナミの話題と、もう一つは、同行したフランシスコ・カブラルの「眼鏡」に驚いた民衆が三千人も集まってしまった、という笑い話の二つだけなのですから、とにかくロレンソの対応ぶりを注目の成功事例として報告したかったのでしょう。

そこで私なんぞが一番、気になるのは、そういう問いかけをした信長の側の深意でありまして、つまり信長は、キリスト教の教義から見ると「日本神話」がどういう風に見えるのか、心の底で “かなり気をもんでいた” のではなかったでしょうか。

そうとでも考えませんと、無駄なことは一切発言しない性格の信長が、なぜ突然にイザナギ・イザナミなどと言い出したのか分かりませんし、この密かな心配は「おびただしい数の貴人たち」も察知していたようで、彼らが「修道士の言葉を聞いて非常な喜びを示し」てホッと安堵している点は見逃せません。
　
　
こうした不思議な場の状況と、その後に安土城天主の最上階だけが儒教的空間であったことを突き合わせて考えますと、そこに一つの想像が働いてしまいます。

―――それは、この時、完成したばかりの岐阜城の山頂天守は、発想は安土城天主と同じでも、障壁画の表現が「日本神話」に置き換えられていたのではないか？ という疑いです。

! !　古代中国の「岐山」の故事にちなんだという「岐阜」の城で、そんなことが論理的に可能なのか？ と言えば、それが、出来なくもなさそうなのです。…

天地開闢の主人公らを描いた日中それぞれの想像画
（左：小林永濯画のイザナミ・イザナギ ／ 右：中国神話の巨人「盤古」）

右の盤古（ばんこ／Pan-gu）というのは、ブリタニカ国際大百科事典によりますと「中国の天地開闢神話の主人公である巨人。槃瓠とも書く。天地がまだ形成されていない混沌の状態のとき、そのなかに生れ、１万８０００年たって、天地を押し分けて分離し、その後に三皇が出た、という。」と説明されています。

…あれ？ 古代中国の伝説の帝王は「三皇」と五帝から始まると安土城天主に描かれたはず、と思いきや、そういう形は、中国の歴史書の第一とされる『史記』（三皇本紀）にしたがったものであり、そもそも『史記』には天地開闢の神話は存在しないのだそうです。

で、そういう『史記』とは別に、呉の時代（３世紀）に成立した『三五歴記』などに「盤古」による天地開闢の神話があって、そのため、盤古のあとに三皇や五帝が出現したという形の神話が、民衆の間に根づいて来たそうです。

そして何故か、その「盤古」と日本の「イザナギ」には共通点がありまして、例えば盤古の左目が太陽に、右目が月に、吐息や声が風雨や雷霆(いかづち)になった、というあたりは、まさに古事記や日本書紀で、イザナギが左目を洗った時にアマテラス（太陽）が、右目を洗った時にツクヨミ（月）が、鼻を洗った時にスサノオ（雷）が生まれた、とされていることにそっくりなのです。

ということでして、ですから織田信長が岐阜城天守において、安土城天主と同様の障壁画（画題）を各階に配置しようとした時、その上層部を「日本神話」に置き換えてしまうことも、出来なくはなかったのかもしれません。

結局のところ、安土城天主は『史記』にならった正統的な形でまとめたものの、その前例の岐阜城天守では、話が天地開闢にまでさかのぼっていて、しかもそれが「日本神話」に置き換えられて表現された、となれば、岐阜城の方がずっとラジカルな建築であったようにも思えて来ます。

そこで山頂天守の最上階は、一つの想像として、天井画でイザナギ・イザナミの絵が大きく描かれ、その下の壁面には、彼ら男女神が創造した日本列島（すなわち大八島／おおやしま＝淡路島・四国・隠岐島・九州・壱岐島・対馬・佐渡島・本州）の八つの島が、ちょうど日本八景の名所図会のごとくに、ぐるりと描かれていた…… というような姿が、思わず目に浮かんで来てしまうのです。
　

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