「京の城」の伝統的な天守の位置→聚楽第の「北西隅」は

肥前名護屋城・聚楽第・広島城・清須城・小諸城・佐和山城・福山城 192件のコメント

「京の城」の伝統的な天守の位置 →聚楽第の「北西隅」はむしろ新機軸の異端か

前回の世界地図（トルデシリャス条約による分割）では、スペイン側の西半球（南北アメリカ大陸）とポルトガル側の東半球（アフリカからアジア）でその後の運命はかなり違ったようで、西半球では独自の言語まで失った民族が多いことに愕然(がくぜん)とするわけですが、我が国も終戦直後、ＧＨＱ(進駐軍)による「日本語のローマ字化計画」という恐ろしい話もあったそうで、無条件降伏など、二度としてはならんと強く思うばかりです。

などと申し上げつつも、前回のマラッカ地図を見つけてから、アレ？ 右側の要塞の形や位置が「籐堂高虎の宇和島城にソックリじゃないか」と気づきまして、以来、そればかりが気になっております。

かつて「空角の経始(あきかくのなわ)」と言われた、宇和島城の五角形の縄張り

そして前回の、１７８０年のマラッカ地図（オランダ領時代）の要塞も…

ご覧のとおり、両者のちょっとひしゃげた「五角形」の感じが非常によく似ておりまして、これは本当に偶然か？…と疑いたくなるほどですが、両者は写実的なスケッチのごとく、要塞（城）の中央部がこんもりと盛り上がった丘（山）であった点も共通していました。

したがってこの両者は「五角形」とは言っても、五稜郭(ごりょうかく)などの「稜堡式」の城とは、まるで別の手法から生まれたもののようです。
　
　
ならば何故？―――という点で、昔から宇和島城について言われて来たのは、かの「空角の経始(あきかくのなわ)」という、敵の目を四角形の城と錯覚させて、攻撃の手を狂わせるための、籐堂高虎の巧みな経始(設計)だったという解釈ですが、さすがに最近はこれを言う解説文は少ないようです。

ただ、前述のマラッカ要塞との共通項 →中央部が丘や山であり、敵に高所から見下ろされても「五角形が分かりにくい」という要素は確かにあるようでして、なんとも言い難いものの、ここでもう一つ比べてみたいのが、海に面して築かれた「鳥羽城」でしょう。

鳥羽城古絵図（浅野文庫蔵／ウィキペディアより）

このとおり、これら三つの城は ＜海に面した五角形（六角形）の平山城＞ という点では共通していたようで、何が目的だろうかと頭をひねるのですが、これらの城はどれも海辺にあって、敵が周囲をぐるっと回り込みにくいわけですから、少なくとも「空角の経始(あきかくのなわ)」は考え過ぎではないか…

むしろ、例えば ＜琵琶湖畔の三角形の縄張りの城＞ →坂本城・長浜城・大津城・膳所城（＋瀬戸内海の三原城）あたりと同じ類いで、何か「浮城」としての運用上の問題なのか、もしくは「水辺に」石垣を築く場合の技術的な問題（波の影響？）が関係していたようにも想像するのですが、どうでしょうか。

…… ということで、今回の記事は「城の形が似ている」ことで何が読み取れるか、というお話を、もう少ししてみたいと思います。

織田信長が足利義昭のために築いた、旧二条城の推定位置（黄色＝当ブログ）

さて、これは昨年５月の記事でご覧いただいた図ですが、この「旧二条城」に関しては、横田冬彦先生が足利義輝以後の「京の城」をめぐる論考のなかで、

南と西に「御楯」＝櫓(やぐら)がある。さらに「坤申(ひつじさる)三重櫓」があり、これがのちに「天主壁」の修理記事にいうところの塗壁をもった「天主」であろうと考えられる。

という紹介があったうえで、次のような指摘があります。

（横田冬彦「城郭と権威」／『岩波講座 日本通史』第１１巻 近世１より）
このような「京の城」はどのようにして建設されたのであろうか。
（中略）
… 天文一五年（一五四六）の足利義輝元服式に「御大工 池上五郎左衛門、棟梁衛門」が参列していたことがあげられ(『応仁後記』)、永禄二年（一五五九）からの義輝御所造営も彼らが管轄していたとみられる。
また右衛門定宗は、義輝の後援のもとに禁裏大工惣官職の兼帯も望み、禁裏大工 木子(きご)家との間で度重なる争論をおこす。
（中略）
そして信長による義昭御所（※旧二条城）造営の最中に、将軍義昭が強硬に木子宗久の違乱停止と右衛門定宗の惣官職安堵を朝廷に申し入れ、取りなしを求められた信長がこれを拒否したことは(『言継卿記』)、信長ないし奉行村井貞勝・嶋田英満の指揮下で右衛門定宗が造営に参加していたからであろう。

ということで、「旧二条城」は将軍義昭の御所であっただけに、その作事は室町幕府の御大工（右衛門定宗なる人物）が担当したはずだというのです。

ここで思わず私なんぞの興味をかき立てるのは、ならば「京の城」の権威を示すシンボルとして ＜新機軸の天主の位置＞ も大切な要素だったのでは？ という手前勝手な推測でありまして、何故なら、この信長の「旧二条城」と、その後の江戸時代に徳川秀忠・家光が改築した「二条城」とは、天守の位置がおなじ坤申(ひつじさる)＝南西隅で一致していて、あたかも聚楽第の北西隅に対して、そっぽを向く!ような姿であったからです。

すなわち「京の城」の代表格、豊臣秀吉の聚楽第は、天守台の位置が旧二条城に比べて９０度ズレていて、三方にあった虎口も含めて考えますと、９０度右回り（時計回り）に回転したとも言えそうであり、その後、徳川秀忠・家光改築の二条城は、そんな聚楽第と決別して、ふたたび旧二条城のスタイル＝先駆的な「京の城」の形にゆりもどしたようにも見えるのです。

「京の城」の天守位置 →【先駆的な旧二条城式 ｖｓ 新機軸の聚楽第式】

横田先生の論考からは、こんな図式が見えて来るような気がしまして、秀吉以後はあまりに多くの「聚楽第式」が全国に普及したため（→広島城、駿府城、家康の二条城…等々）もともとの「旧二条城式」がかすんでしまったものの、例えば松平忠輝の越後高田城の三重櫓が同様であり、そしてそして伊達政宗の仙台城の伝・天守台もそうである（南西隅！）という、隠然たるコントラストを見せていました。

一方、東国の金箔瓦の城を見ても、半数以上（黄緑色の四角付き）が「聚楽第式」

では「聚楽第式」の方を少し見比べてみますと、ご覧の図は、甲府の金箔シャチ瓦を加藤光康の躑躅ヶ崎館のものと仮定させていただき、さらに二俣城の天守台（本丸の西隅）もこれらに含めた場合ではありますが、半数以上が聚楽第にならったことになります。

で、これらの中でいちばん興味深いケースと言えば、仙石秀久の「小諸城」ではないでしょうか。

小諸城に残る天守台

と申しますのも、かなり以前に私が現地を訪れ、有名な城門（三の門）から城内に入ったとき、ここが「穴城(あなじろ)」だと聞いていたこともあってか、本丸に向かってゆるやかに下っていく感覚があり、てっきり「南」に下って行ったかのような錯覚をおぼえました。

そうして「南？」に下った先に本丸があり、その右奥の隅に天守台があったため、てっきり本丸の「南西隅」に天守台はあるものと錯覚していたのですが、今回、縄張り図などを見直しますと、下記のごとく、天守台はかなりシッカリと「北西隅」に築かれていたのです。！

小諸城の絵図（『南佐久郡古城址調査』より抜粋）

かくして地形的にずいぶんと複雑な小諸城においても、仙石秀久はキッチリと聚楽第を踏襲していたわけで、その執念？には恐れ入るばかりですが、そこは仙石秀久…… これだけに留まらない、とんでもない措置を講じていたようなのです。


（※当図は#カシミール3D #真田丸 pic.twitter.com/QaxDmDmJaH からの引用です）

画面中央の「三角形」が小諸城の本丸であり、その中に小さな四角点で天守台も表示されておりますが、こうした画面からも、小諸城は（南北の断崖の堀ぎわまで接近しないと）周囲からは全く見通せない本丸であったということが、よくお解りいただけるのではないでしょうか。

さすがは「穴城」ですが、ひょっとしますと、左側の断崖下を流れる千曲川から見上げた場合でも、せっかくの天守は見えなかったのでは… とさえ思うほどの状態です。

しかも驚くべきことに、加藤理文先生によれば、豊臣政権下の金箔瓦の使い方には、城（城主）によって程度にいろいろと差が付けられたそうで、「豊臣一門衆の城では、軒丸瓦、軒平瓦を中心に、シャチや鬼瓦、飾り瓦にいたるまで金箔瓦が使用され」たなかで、秀久の小諸城は「わずか五万石程度ぐらいの武将です。それなのに、豊臣一門とまったく同じ金箔瓦を葺いて」いたのだそうです。(『信長の城・秀吉の城』)

ということは、秀久は、天守の位置や金箔瓦という「形だけ」はフルに、しっかりと聚楽第を踏襲しておきながら、実際は、本丸の堀ぎわまで近づくか、城内を訪れないかぎり、ほとんど見ることも出来ない!!? 天守や金箔瓦だった、ということになりそうなのです。…

この驚くべき状態は、仙石秀久という人物の特異なキャラクターがにじみ出た結果という気もしますが、このことは「京の城」にならった「見せる城」としてどう評価すべきか、難しいテーマを含んでいるようで、結局のところ、権威の見せ方とは、伝聞による情報伝達（＝世間の評判）に多くを負っているのだ、という現実の裏返しなのでしょうか。
（→ 秀久は、地域での評判よりも、中央とのつながりの方を死守した？…）

※当サイトはリンクフリーです。
※本日もご覧いただき、ありがとう御座いました。

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