正倉院宝物が根こそぎ安土城天主に運び込まれるとき

安土城天主 116件のコメント

正倉院宝物が根こそぎ安土城天主に運び込まれるとき

今年の正倉院展ポスター（東京駅構内）

１０月２４日から始まった第６１回正倉院展は、ポスターに写真が出ている紫檀木画漕琵琶（したんもくがそうのびわ）や光明皇后直筆の楽毅論（がっきろん）などが展示の目玉になっています。

古代史ファンや古代美術ファンは全国に相当な数の方々がいらっしゃって、そうした方々にとって、正倉院とは、我が国のアイデンティティと同義語に近い響きをもつ、アンタッチャブルな存在であり続けています。
　
　
ところが、この私（当サイト）は、前回までの記事でお察しのように、そうした正倉院宝物は、日本史上で指折りの破壊者であり、また変革者でもあった織田信長によって、根こそぎ運び去られる危険があったのでは、という強い疑念を感じております。

つまり信長が創造した安土城天主とは、第一義的に、正倉院宝物をまるごと収容するために建造された「蔵」だったのではないか ……

言葉を換えますと、そのように我が国の “歴史” を横取りすることで、信長は軍事的な支配圏の拡大や、摠見寺建立に見られる宗教的な支配への願望とともに、自らを“ 歴史の支配者” としても位置づけるため、考案した巨大な装置―― それが安土城天主だったのではないか、と思えて来てならないのです。
　

『信長記』類の写本『安土記』／「右 蔵之高サ十二間余」とある

この仮説は、『信長記』『信長公記』類の「安土御天主之次第」の冒頭にある一文、「石くら乃高さ十二間余」という、ありえない謎の記述が、実は（上写真『安土記』のとおり）天主中心部に組み込まれた「高さ十二間余の蔵」と読むべきではないのか？…と感じたことから出発しました。

それは静嘉堂文庫蔵『天守指図』において、天主の中心部に（あたかも吹き抜け空間のように誤って）描かれた区画に充当するもので、その一重目から四重目に及ぶ階層的な「蔵」が存在していて、さらに五重目六重目を含めて「高さ１２間余」に達していたのだ… ということであれば、安土城天主をめぐる “様々な懸案” は一挙に解決するはずでしょう。
　
　
では、そうした「蔵」にふさわしい収蔵品は何なのか？ と考えますと、有名な蘭奢待の一件（信長自身による正倉院内の実見）を踏まえれば、さらに大胆な暴挙が世の人々を震撼させる “絶大な政治的効果” に、信長が気づかなかったはずはない、とも思われるのです。
（※それはどこか、比叡山焼き討ち、ともつながる前代未聞の行為でしょう）

しかも当ブログの『天守指図』新解釈では、天主七重目の座敷は（五重目六重目の吹き抜けをはさみつつ）正倉院宝物のはるか上に信長が座する形（超越者の立場の顕示）をちゃんと建築的に目論んでいたわけです。

突拍子もないたわ言のように聞こえるかもしれませんが、これこそ「天守とは何だったのか」「なぜ高層化が必要とされたのか」という根源的な問題に答える大切な道筋であり、信長はそうした天主の創造によって、“歴史のリセット” を目指していたのかもしれません。

そういう意味では、この仮説を組み立てるため本を読み漁るなかで、ずっと後の明治維新においても、明治の元勲たちが正倉院に対して “かなり手荒な所業” を平然と行っていたことを知りました。

その有り様は、これでは（当ブログ仮説の）信長の暴挙と殆ど変わらないではないか、と思えるほどであり、今回はまず、明治維新でこうむった正倉院の難儀からお話したいと存じます。

明治１３年の伊藤博文の建議で設けられた棚の配置

織田信長が南倉・中倉・北倉をすべて開けさせ、庫内の様子を実見したことはご紹介しましたが、では、その時の庫内はどうなっていたか？と申しますと、庫内はその後（明治初頭）にかなり雰囲気が変わってしまったそうです。

（石田茂作・和田軍一編『正倉院』１９５４所収／和田軍一「正倉院の歴史」より）

維新後は明治五年（一八七二）に宝庫が開かれ、蜷川式胤らの宝物調査が行われたが、この頃 欧米の博物館事業の影響がわが国にあらわれてきた。
（中略）
明治八年三月一日から五月二十日まで、奈良博覧会（常設でない博物館）が東大寺大仏殿で開かれ、法隆寺の寺宝などとともに「正倉院御物」も、大仏殿の後戸に陳列して公開せられたのである。
秘蔵されてきたものを、明治維新の改革の風潮で開放したものであるが、まことに開放公開すべからざる方法で公開したものであった。
（中略）
明治１３年、内務卿伊藤博文は宝庫の内部に棚架を設けて宝物を陳列することを建議した。
　
　
この本によりますと、伊藤博文の動機は、大仏殿での陳列が二度三度と続いたことや、前年に香港総督など海外の要人たちに宝物を見せたこと（つまり日本の地位向上への焦り）がきっかけになったようです。

その結果、宝物のかなりの部分が辛櫃（からびつ）から出され、庫内にぐるりと設置されたガラス戸棚に陳列されるはめになり、棚は今も正倉院の内部に残り、棚の名前が宝物の分類（『棚別目録』）に使われ続けています。

陳列棚に囲まれた中倉の内部／階上（岩波写真文庫『正倉院（二）』１９５２より）

解体修理で床板をはがした様子（岩波写真文庫『正倉院（一）』１９５１より）

大正２年には本格的な解体修理が行われ、この時、小屋組（こやぐみ／屋根裏の構造）が洋式のクイーンポスト式に変更されてしまう、という痛恨の出来事も起きています。

しかし最も劇的な出来事は、正倉院と宝物がある日（明治８年）、明治政府の財産とされ、やがて「御物」（皇室財産）とされたことではないでしょうか？

（由水常雄『正倉院の謎』２００７）

本来、正倉院の宝物は、東大寺に施入されたものであり、現存する宝物類の一万点余の大部分は、東大寺で使用していたものやそのほかの寄進者たちからの奉納品を、後世になって、正倉院宝庫に移納したものであった。
皇室から移管された宝物などは、光明皇太后の奉献物を除けば、ほとんど皆無であったといっていいだろう。
（中略）
正倉院はじまって以来、正倉院の宝物が皇室財産とみなされたようなことは一度としてなかったのに、明治に入ってから急速に正倉院宝庫の皇室財産化が進められていったのである。
　
　
正倉院宝物が立派な文化財であるのに、文化庁の管轄ではなく、いまも宮内庁の管轄であり続けるのは、この時以来のことなのだそうです。

思えば、「王政復古の大号令」で徳川幕藩体制を塗り変え、天皇を元首として発足した明治新政府は、「廃仏毀釈（はいぶつきしゃく／仏教弾圧と国家神道化）」のうねりに乗じて、正倉院の皇室財産化に突き進んだのかもしれません。

一方、足利将軍を追放し、軍事力による中央集権的な統一権力（「天下布武」）を目指した織田信長もまた、寺院勢力を敵視し、掃討戦を続けました。

織田信長と明治政府、３００年の時をはさんで、「正倉院宝物」に対する邪（よこしま）な眼差しが、ゾクッとするほど似ているように感じるのは、私だけでしょうか？…

（次回に続く）

※ぜひ皆様の応援を。下のバナーに投票（クリック）をお願いします。
にほんブログ村 歴史ブログ 戦国時代へ
※当サイトはリンクフリーです。
※本日もご覧いただき、ありがとう御座いました。

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