江戸城の現存天守台が危ない!!
昨年あたりから、出版業界で「城」関連は比較的売れる、というデータが一人歩きしたせいなのか、「城」を扱う単行本・雑誌・ムック類の発行が大盛況です。
そのあおりで、なかには城郭ファンの頭に血がのぼるような、噴飯モノの記事も見受けられ、当ブログも対応に追われています。
そして、またまた現れました!―――
「隠れコンクリート教」の使徒による謀(はかりごと)を、いつの間にか既成事実化しかねない記事が……
小学館の意欲的な情報誌『SAPIO』の4月21日号に、ご覧のような江戸城天守の再建プロジェクトを伝える記事があるのですが、つくづく、門外漢のスタッフによるマスコミ報道ほど、危なっかしいものはない(!…)と自戒を込めつつ、紹介せざるをえません。
と申しますのは、おそらく記事の執筆者をはじめ、ここに寄稿している日本財団の笹川陽平会長や「江戸城再建を目指す会」の会員の方々も、ほとんど自覚しておられないのでしょうが、この記事が示すプロジェクトは、結果的に、いま江戸城に現存している天守台を「破壊」もしくは「大規模改変」してしまう(!)可能性を含んでいるからです。
そのことは記事の中で「スーパーゼネコン関係者」なる人物が「石垣の石材なども含め資材の確保だけで予算をオーバー」云々と語っている点からも明白でしょう。
考えてみれば、江戸時代初期の大火で焼失した天守を、厳密に復元しようとすればするほど、現存天守台は「解体」「撤去」して、復元考証どおりの新しい石材(伊豆石)や木材を使って建設せざるをえません。
将軍の実弟・保科正之の「歴史的な献策」とともに築かれた現存天守台
御影石の「切石」積みは加賀藩前田家の手伝普請によるもの
罹災した天守台に使われていた伊豆石/江戸城内で転用された様子
ご覧のような写真は城郭ファンなら常識のうちでしょうが、いまある天守台は、明暦の大火によって寛永度の江戸城天守が焼失したあと、先代将軍の実弟・保科正之(ほしなまさゆき)が次のように献策したことから、天守台だけの修築に終わったとされています。
(『寛政重修諸家譜』より)
「天守は近世の事にて、実は軍用に益なく、唯観望に備ふるのみなり。これがために人力を費やすべからず」
そしてこの時、修築された現存天守台は、高さが罹災前の7間から5間半に抑えられ、石材は伊豆石から御影石に変わり、より精緻な「切石」で積まれました。
保科正之のこの歴史的な献策によって、天守の進化は断ち切られたかのようにも言われますが、正之の言はただそれだけの意味だったのか、かなりの疑問を感じています。
何故なら、ご覧のように各地の城にも、天守台を築きながら、結局、その上に天守を建てなかった例がいくつもあって…
赤穂城天守台 篠山城天守台
これらは「城持ち大名が徳川幕府に遠慮したため」などと説明されますが、そうであるならば、「遠慮」された側の徳川将軍の江戸城が、なぜ、巨大天守の尾張徳川家や紀州徳川家にも劣るような形を選んで、天守を再建しなかったのか… どうにも合点が行かないからです。
この不合理をうまく説明するためには、発想を転換して、保科正之は、泰平の世にふさわしく、天守を建てない(領民に見せない)治世のあり方を、諸大名の前で範を示すために、征夷大将軍の居城・江戸城において果断に「天守台だけ築く」スタイルを定番化させようとしたのだ… と解釈しても良いのではないでしょうか?
つまり天守台だけの築造は、「天守の進化における最終形態を示していた」という、積極果敢な評価を下しても良いように思われるのです。
そうした意味において、たいへん示唆に富んだ文章があるのでご紹介しましょう。
ご覧の本は、江戸の都市建設を進めた人々の願望を検証した著作ですが、その前書きの中で…
(タイモン・スクリーチ『江戸の大普請』2007)
江戸市中において、将軍関係の施設は大きな割合を占めていたのだが、その存在感は意外にも希薄なこともしばしばだった。将軍家には図像学的抑制とでも呼ばれるべきものが顕著に見られた。そしてそのような状態であることが好まれたのである。
このよい例は、江戸城の天守閣が焼け落ちた一六五七年にさかのぼる。その後天守閣は再建されなかったのである。幕府が困窮していたとか、太平の世にあって必要としなかったともいわれるが、筆者が思うに、これは図像学上不必要だったからではなかろうか。戦国時代には高くそびえる天守閣が必要不可欠だった。しかし、これは城主が人民を見下ろすことを可能にすると同時に、人民が城主を下から見上げることも可能にしてしまった。
しかし、古来東アジア全域で統治者は見られるということを嫌ったのである。これはヨーロッパとはまったく逆だった。ヨーロッパでは、古代ローマから、統治者はあらゆる物に自分の肖像を刻印することに心を砕き、自らの肖像画や彫像を要所要所に配置した。これに対して、徳川幕府は、自らの姿を隠したのである。
例えば昨年の政権交代後、いわゆる「姿を見せない旧来型権力」として、検察や記者クラブ制度などが批判のやり玉にあげられています。
それと似たような権力のスタイルが、江戸時代の天守の建て方においても適用されたのではないか?
そして天守は、織田信長や豊臣秀吉が得意としたヨーロッパ的な「見せる」天守から、ついに「姿を見せない」究極の方法論に到達していたのではないか? という考え方が成り立つのかもしれません。
そうだとしますと、江戸城の現存天守台こそ、天守の進化と終着点を体現した「生き証人」であって、他に替えがたい重大な歴史的価値を秘めていることが解ります。
そうした貴重な文化遺産を、ただの石積みじゃないか、と安易に考え、「破壊」や「改変」に手を貸すような者たちは、もはや「城」の奥義を語る資格は無いはず、とここで申し上げておきたいのです。
さて、冒頭の『SAPIO』の記事によれば、「江戸城再建を目指す会」が広島大学大学院の三浦正幸先生に作成を依頼した復元図が、6月17日に江戸東京博物館で発表される予定だそうで、どのような復元を想定しているのか、注目されます。
天守の進化の「最終形態」がここに現存しています――
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