大坂城天守の記録はまさに「駿府城天守」のことか

続『モンタヌス日本誌』→大坂城天守の記録はまさに「駿府城天守」のことか

前回も挿絵をご覧いただいた『モンタヌス日本誌』は、是非この機会に、ご覧の挿絵についても申し上げておきたいと思うのですが、このとおり同書には「大坂城」の挿絵がありまして、石垣や虎口の形状から、明らかに豊臣滅亡後に徳川幕府が大改修を行なったあとの大坂城だと分かります。

ところが、本丸の「天守」の姿をよくよく見ますと…

屋根は六層あるらしく、しかも初重には回廊のごとき柱が並んでいる

一般に絵画史料の天守の「重数」が間違っていたケースは多々ありますから、この挿絵も屋根が六層あることに異をとなえても仕方がないでしょうが、ご覧の「回廊」のごとき柱の表現は、かなり異様なものだと感じます。

当然ながら、幕府が再建した実際の大坂城天守には、こんな構造は無かったわけですから、これはひょっとすると『モンタヌス日本誌』の「大阪城を作りし人及其大なる理由」という小見出しがついた、徳川再建大坂城を紹介した文章の中に、天守の「階下は廣(ひろ)き方形の回廊より成る」という、不思議な一文が含まれていたことと関係があるのではないでしょうか?

(和田萬吉訳『モンタヌス日本誌』より)
本城の中央に近く第三堡ありて、総ての他の建物の上に聳(そび)えたり。
其基礎は青き石塁の上に築かる。形状は方形にして胸壁を以て囲まる。壁石は大なるものを用ひ、且巧に接続せらる。城の上方の地面より上ること二百尺弱なり。
此処に又エムペロルの饗宴室あり。階下は廣き方形の回廊より成る。
第一の屋は窓及入口の上に斗出し、第一階の上に尚五階あり。上に進むに随ひて狭小なり。
第二階には七室あり、第三階も同数なれども室小なり。第四階は六室、第五階は五室、第六階は四室を有す。
第一第二の屋背は石を以て葺き、第三第四は鉛、第五は銅、第六は金の瓦なり。

というように「六階」建ての大坂城天守は「饗宴室(?)」の「階下」に「廣き方形の回廊」があった、と説明しているわけでして、冒頭の挿絵は、この不思議な文章に引きずられて、“妙な描き方”になってしまったとも感じるのですが、どうでしょうか。

ちなみに、天守研究の歩みの中では、かの桜井成廣先生がこの『モンタヌス日本誌』の記述…とりわけ各階の部屋数や屋根の材質(色)に注目して、それらが徳川再建天守とは異なるため、豊臣時代の大坂城天守のことであろうと解釈し、お得意の復元模型に反映させたりしました。

ただ、その際においても「回廊」だけは解釈に苦慮し(→例えば天守台内部の半地下の穴倉のへりが回廊状に見えたか?…との解釈で)模型の初重に柱を並べることはありませんでした。

そこで今回、当ブログが是非とも申し上げてみたいのは、桜井先生は「これは家康の駿府城の天守に似て(『豊臣秀吉の居城』1970年)」いると書かれたものの、上記の文章が描き出す天守は駿府城天守に似ているどころか、まさにそのものズバリのようで、「回廊」という一語に注目すれば、現在、駿府城跡の発掘調査で姿をあらわしつつある巨大な天守台こそ「回廊」にふさわしい存在なのではないでしょうか。

つまり、上記『モンタヌス日本誌』の大坂城天守の紹介文というのは、この部分の文章がまるごと、駿府城天守の記録がまぎれ込んだものだと考えた方が、よほど理にかなっていると言えそうでありまして、それは例えば、八木清勝先生の復元による駿府城天守の模型と照らし合わせますと、かなりの一致をみるのです。

(上記『モンタヌス日本誌』より)
其基礎は青き石塁の上に築かる。形状は方形にして胸壁を以て囲まる。壁石は大なるものを用ひ、且巧に接続せらる。

此処に又エムペロルの饗宴室あり。階下は廣き方形の回廊より成る。

第一の屋は窓及入口の上に斗出し、第一階の上に尚五階あり。上に進むに随ひて狭小なり。

第二階には七室あり、第三階も同数なれども室小なり。第四階は六室、第五階は五室、第六階は四室を有す。

という風に、説明文はまさに駿府城天守のことのようであり、とりわけ私なんぞが驚嘆してしまうのは、そのうちの「饗宴室」が、八木先生が「天守の二階に高欄を設けたのは、二階からの眺望を得るためと思われる(『城』第四巻)」と主張された、高欄廻り縁の階にあたっている、という点です。

(※『モンタヌス日本誌』では地階を「階下」と呼び、高欄の階は「一階」と表記)

ですから、もし本当に高欄の階が「饗宴室」と受け取られる種類の部屋であったなら、それはやはり、八木先生が「(家康は)隠居城を造営するに当って富士山の眺望を無視することは考えられない」と指摘したとおりに、何よりも<見晴らし>が大切になり、それを邪魔する隅櫓や多聞櫓はまず考えられないことになります。

しかも「階下は廣き方形の回廊より成る」(→落ち縁?)とか「胸壁を以て囲まる」とも書いているのですから、周囲の石垣(石塁)は言わば“むき出し”の状態であって、結局、天守台上は隅櫓はおろか、多聞櫓も無かった、ということを重ね重(がさ)ね、描写しているように感じるのです。

(上記『モンタヌス日本誌』より)
第一第二の屋背は石を以て葺き、第三第四は鉛、第五は銅、第六は金の瓦なり。

そこで我田引水ながら、当サイトの復元案ですと……

 

※当サイトはリンクフリーです。
※本日もご覧いただき、ありがとう御座いました。

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