信長の行幸御殿か？壮大な「懸造り舞台」を夢想する

安土城天主 361件のコメント

信長の行幸御殿か？壮大な「懸造り舞台」を夢想する

先月の記事より／安土城の御殿配置をめぐって対立する二案

天主イラストご紹介の前週の記事で、やや “言いっぱなし” のままの話題がありましたので、今回はそれを含めたお話をしたいと思います。

―― 話の核心はズバリ、混迷の度を深めている安土城の「行幸御殿」問題です。

（天正４年の山科言継の娘・阿茶の書状より）

ミやうねんハ あつちへ 大りさま きやうこう申され候ハんよし、あらあら めてたき御候事や
（明年は安土へ 内裏様 行幸申され候わん由、あらあら目出度き御候事や）
　
　
天正４年、まさに安土築城が始まった年に、公家の山科言継の周辺でこうした書状が書かれたことから、天皇の安土城への行幸が計画された可能性が言われて来ました。

そして滋賀県による城址の発掘調査の結果、大胆な仮説が発表されて、大きなニュースになりました。

滋賀県安土城郭調査研究所 編著『図説 安土城を掘る』２００４年

それはご覧のように、伝本丸の礎石群は、織田信長が天皇を迎える「行幸御殿」として造営した、御所の「清涼殿」に酷似した建物だった、という画期的な復元案でした。

ところがその後、お馴染みの三浦正幸先生や、京都女子大の川本重雄先生が反論を開始したことから、清涼殿風の行幸御殿は、とたんに雲行きが怪しくなったのです。

高志書院『都市と城館の中世』２０１０年（価格８０００円！！…図書館でどうぞ）

今年出版された千田嘉博・矢田俊文 編著の『都市と城館の中世』に、その川本先生の論考「行幸御殿と安土城本丸御殿」が載っていて、私もたいへん遅まきながら、川本先生の理路整然とした反論を拝読しました。

（※今ごろ拝読するのは、京都女子大でのシンポジウム「安土城本丸御殿をめぐる諸問題」に参加できなかったツケでしょう…）

で、この論考で最も注目すべきポイントは、実は、同じ反論であっても、三浦先生と川本先生の論拠は、まるで違う（！）という点にあったのです。

行幸御殿（「御幸の御間」）をめぐる三者三様

この中で、川本先生はいちばん厳格な解釈を下されているようで、安土城に「行幸御殿」と言えるような建物は実現不可能だった、とおっしゃるのです。

論考では、室町将軍邸や二条城での行幸の例から、「行幸御殿」に必要な間取りや設備を明らかにし、特に、天皇の輿（こし）を寄せる南の階段や、舞を行う広い南の庭が不可欠だったとして、「天主周辺に行幸御殿が建つ余地はない」（！）と結論づけているのです。

（川本重雄「行幸御殿と安土城本丸御殿」／『都市と城館の中世』所収）

本来の行幸御殿に求められる平面は、内裏の建物で言えば天皇の居所を含む御常御殿であり、清涼殿では決してない。
（中略）
行幸御殿とその南に必要な庭を考慮すると、安土城の二の丸以外に行幸御殿が建てられる空間はないが、その二の丸も行幸御殿に中門や風呂・便所などの付属屋までを考えると、建物が二の丸からはみ出してしまう。
また、南庭も二条城と比較すると六割程度の奥行きしか確保できない。
以上のことから、安土城の天主周辺に行幸御殿が建つ余地はないと断ぜざるを得ない。
　
　
正直申しまして、この川本先生の反論は、かなり決定的な響きを放っているように感じました。

でも意固地な私としては、行幸御殿がたとえ「清涼殿」風の建物ではなかったとしても、やはり安土城への行幸そのものは行われようとしていたのであり、そこは信長らしい破天荒なやり口で、“別の形の” 行幸殿が計画されたのではないか？？…と思われてならないのです。

そこで、やや荒唐無稽なシミュレーションですが、川本先生の反論を踏まえた「第四の可能性」をさぐってみたいと思います。

二条城の行幸御殿（中井家蔵「二條御城中絵図」より／その南庭は南北約３０ｍ）

安土城の天主台と伝本丸（上の図と同縮尺・同方位）

では、この二つの図を、行幸御殿と天主台の位置を合わせてダブらせますと…

ご覧のように、行幸御殿の南庭の範囲は、ちょうど伝本丸の南の石塁を越えた南斜面の、石垣で囲われた（意味不明の）デッドスペースまでを覆うような形になるのです。

このことは、以前に申し上げた、ある仮説を思い起こさせます。


（※記事「安土城の天主台に「清水の舞台」が！？」の作図／この図は上が南）

これらは、礎石列の発掘成果をもとに、ひょっとすると、天主台の南西側には清水の舞台のような「懸造り（かけづくり）」が張り出していたのではないか？ という仮説を申し上げた時のものです。

この図では、懸造り舞台の広さを、出土の礎石列に応じた規模で描きました。

ですが、例えば先の図のように、懸造りを大きく南に張り出すことが出来たなら、その広大な舞台の上で、行幸の「舞御覧」等を挙行するという “壮大なページェント” も考えられたのではないか――と。

かなり荒唐無稽な話になって来たのかもしれませんが、いずれにしましても、冒頭の書状が書かれた天正４年は、まだ安土城の天主が影も形もない頃だった、という点がたいへん重要だと思われるのです。

つまり、申し上げた懸造り舞台は、天主の建造以前の秘史（別計画）として考え、天主台上に天皇の御在所が計画されたと想像しますと、川本先生が論考で指摘された、室町将軍邸での行幸のやり方とも符合するようなのです。

（川本重雄「行幸御殿と安土城本丸御殿」／『都市と城館の中世』所収）

寝殿（しんでん）が天皇の起居する天皇の御殿であったのに対して、会所（かいしょ）は義教（よしのり）の御殿という認識があったものと考えられる（当時の室町殿には常御所と呼ばれる建物もあるので、義教は常御所で起居したのだろう）。
　
　
つまり室町将軍邸の行幸では、将軍・義教は、言わば主屋である「寝殿」を天皇に明け渡して御在所とし、自分は「会所」や「常御所」を御殿としていたのです。

ならば信長は、己が住居になる「天主」予定地（天主台上の特設御殿）を天皇に明け渡して、その前の懸造り舞台をふくむ一帯で、行幸の諸儀式を繰り広げようと考えたとしても、不思議は無いのではないでしょうか？？

こんな推理（妄想？）から感じる事柄は…

　天正４年当時、一旦進みかけた行幸計画をあえて否定することから、
　（「皇帝」イメージにあふれた）天主の建造は始まったのではないか―――

という信長の政治的判断です。

そしてその後に残ったのは、やはり川本先生がおっしゃるような、形式上の行幸殿としての部屋（「上々段」）であったのかもしれません。
　

※ぜひ皆様の応援を。下のバナーに投票（クリック）をお願いします。
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