「天守」は何に一番似ているのか…

天守の発祥／鎌刃城・岐阜城・旧二条城・二条城／織田信長の「立体的御殿」 137件のコメント


「天守」は何に一番似ているのか…

　　　皇帝　　　　　　　ｖｓ　　　　　　八幡神

どうも前々回から、当サイトの大テーマ「天守は天下布武の革命記念碑（維新碑）説」の核心に近い話題を続けておりまして、本来ならば早く「秀吉流天守台」の続きに戻りたいところですが、またまた今回だけ、織田信長や豊臣秀吉の想念にあった「天守」像について、一応のケリをつけたいと思います。

果たして彼等の想念に一番近いものは何だったのか？ つまり本来の「天守」… 江戸時代に各藩の分権統治の象徴になってしまう以前の「天守」について、そのオリジンを探ってみたいという、やや大それた内容です。

江戸初期、徳川将軍の威光を関八州に示した江戸城天守

さて、城郭関連の本で天守の発祥を説明する場合は、近年では鎌刃城で発見された「大櫓」跡が引き合いに出されることも多いのですが、当サイトは、そうした櫓の類と「天守」との間には大きな次元の違い（飛躍）があったはず、と申し上げて来ました。
　
　
そもそも「天守」は戦闘用の建造物ではないはずで、すなわち文献上も考古学的にも、天守が戦闘時に指揮所もしくは城主の御座所として使用された証拠は、おそらく “皆無” であることがそれを物語っています。

ですから「天守」は最初に出現した時から、平時の、統治のための政治的モニュメントであったはずなのです。
　
　
例えば天守最上階の「物見ノ段」という名称にしても、ひょっとすると、これが本当に戦闘時もそういう機能だったのか定かではないように思われ、むしろ天守のような高所からの「物見」というのは、日本古来の、為政者としての振る舞い「国見（くにみ）」を踏まえた所作、であった可能性も考えるべきではないのでしょうか？

その意味では、古代に天武天皇が吉野川のほとりに建てたという、伝説の「高殿」なども、天守に至る源流の一つに位置づけられるような気はするものの、より具体的な関わりが指摘できるものとしましては…

　 　　　　楼閣山水図の阿房宮　　　　平和の塔（旧「八紘一宇の塔」／宮崎市）

（※「平和の塔」写真はサイト「PhotoMiyazaki－宮崎観光写真」様からの引用です）

まず左の阿房宮については、信長が懇望した南化玄興作の七言詩「安土山ノ記」では、安土城の主郭部が始皇帝の「阿房宮」に擬せられています。

ただし当時、阿房宮の外観が日本にどのように伝わっていたか、という点では、ご覧のような楼閣山水図の類によって “深山幽谷にそびえる高楼” として認識されていた可能性もありうるのです。（→参考記事）

これがもしも信長の岐阜城本丸や安土城の主郭部という “水辺の山上の城砦” につながった一因であるのなら、そうした高楼こそ、信長が志向した「皇帝」にふさわしい住居であり、まさに「天主」の原形だったのかもしれません。
　
　
一方、右写真の平和の塔はもちろん近代の建造物ですが、旧名の「八紘一宇（はっこういちう）」は、近代日本の “怪物” の一人、宗教家の田中智學（たなか ちがく）が造語した言葉で、戦前の軍国主義の記憶と深く結びついたものです。

（ウィキペディアより）

八紘一宇とは、『日本書紀』巻第三神武天皇の条にある「掩八紘而爲宇／八紘（あめのした）を掩（おお）ひて宇（いえ）と爲（なさ）む」から作られた言葉で、大意としては天下を一つの家のようにすること。転じて第二次世界大戦中に大東亜共栄圏の建設の標語のひとつとして用いられた。
　
　
つまり「八紘」とは「八つの方位」を意味する言葉であって、口語訳では「八紘（あめのした）」と読むものです。

これは取りも直さず、信長の安土城天主に「八角」（『信長公記』）が組み込まれたこと、また秀吉の大坂城天守も「四方八角」（『天正記』）であったこと、そして「天下」という言葉が古代中国では「四方」「四国」で代用されたこと（→参考記事）を強く想起させます。

で、それら（八紘／天下）を「一つの家のようにすること」とは、まさに信長や秀吉の「天下布武」政策―― 戦国の世（分裂国家）の再統一という政治目標にピタリと合致していて、その意味では、「天守」本来の建築の企図は、４００年後の「八紘一宇の塔」とまさに同一であったのかもしれません。（！…）

　　　皇帝　　　　　　　　ｖｓ　　　　　　八幡神
　　

……ですが、上の方の二つの建造物はどちらも、この世に一つしか存在しない（！）という点が決定的に「天守」とは異なっていて、これはかなり重要な要素のように思われるのです。

天守は歴史上、日本列島周辺に１００基以上が建造されたわけで、しかも一つの領国に一基という原則が、ある程度、徹底されていたことからしますと、例えばですが、奈良時代に東大寺を頂点として諸国に一寺ずつ建立された「国分寺」（とその七重塔）なども考慮に入れる必要があるのかもしれません。
　
　
　
＜天守の解明に不可欠な、数の問題…　足利尊氏「利生塔」への注目＞
　
　
　
その国分寺と同様に、１４世紀、室町幕府を開いた足利尊氏・直義（たかうじ・ただよし）兄弟が、日本全国の六十六ヶ国と二島（壱岐、対馬）にそれぞれ「安国寺・利生塔（あんこくじ・りしょうとう）」を建立する一大事業を行いました。

　かつて「利生塔」の唯一現存例とされた、浄土寺の多宝塔（尾道市）

（※現在は同寺にあった五重塔が「利生塔」の一塔とされている／
「利生塔」の形式は五重塔・三重塔・多宝塔など様々だった）

一大事業は夢窓疎石（むそう そせき）の勧めで始まり、夢窓の法話に “元弘（後醍醐天皇の改元）以来の天下大乱の悪因縁から逃れるため” とあるそうです。

この安国寺・利生塔の研究では、辻善之助先生、今枝愛真先生、松尾剛次先生といった方々の業績があって、たいへん興味深いことに、北朝の尊氏・直義兄弟が事業を行った影響で、当初、南朝方の領国には建立されなかったそうなのです。

（今枝愛真『中世禅宗史の研究』１９７８年復刊より）

辻博士も強調されているように、寺院の建立はその土地領有の標章ともなるものであるから、安国寺・利生塔の存在は、その地方が室町政権の統治下にあることを示すものである。
このような意味で、寺院の設置は各国守護を通じての勢力範囲の維持に役立てられ、同時にまた、一種の軍隊屯営、前進拠点、もしくは、その他の軍略上の要衝という一面を持っていたとおもわれる。
　
　
なんと、このように安国寺・利生塔の性格は、ただの寺院や仏塔ではなくて、信長権力や秀吉政権にとっての「天守」の役割にそっくりだったのです。
　
　
例えば秀吉の天守（と城）が小田原攻めでは突貫工事で築かれ、北条方への威圧として使われた一件や、その後も政権の版図を示すかのように、豊臣大名が次々と居城に天守を建て始めたことなどは、まるで歴史のデジャブのようです。

かくして「天守」に何が一番似ているか、という点で、安国寺・利生塔は外すことの出来ない存在だと思われるのです。
　
　
そこで信長や秀吉のねらいを推測しますと、日本六十余州にわたって、一国一塔ずつを（新機軸の「天守」で）建て直してしまうことは、室町幕府の消滅や織豊政権による再統一を “視覚化” させる上で、大いに役立つものと見なしていたのかもしれません。
　
　
ただし重要なポイントとして、「天守」はそれに留まらず、海を越えて朝鮮半島にも多数が築かれたことはご承知のとおりです。

それらは織豊政権の「拡張主義」の結果であり、例えば４００年後の世界でレーニン像が東欧・中央アジアからベトナムにも建てられたり、近年、毛沢東像がチベットや東トルキスタン（新疆ウイグル自治区）であえて新設されたりしていることと同根の出来事なのでしょう。

レーニン像（ビシュケク）　　毛沢東像（カシュガル）　　

（※「毛沢東像」写真はサイト「心の旅」様からの引用です）

結局のところ、「天守」は何に一番似ているのか、という問いに答えを出すには、例えば倭城の天守の実像がもう少し見えて来るようなことでもないかぎり、現状では少々難しいのかもしれません。（残念…）
　

※ぜひ皆様の応援を。下のバナーに投票（クリック）をお願いします。
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※本日もご覧いただき、ありがとう御座いました。

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