「殿守を上げる」若き秀吉のやり方

秀吉流天守台・伏見城・伊勢亀山城・津城 258件のコメント


「殿守(てんしゅ)を上げる」若き秀吉のやり方

さて、当サイト「天守が建てられた本当の理由」は名称の中に「建てる」という一般的な言葉を使って参りましたが、この三年ほどの間にも、諸先生方の著書では「当時は天守を “上げる” と言った」との指摘が度々ありました。

私があえて「建てる」という言葉を選びましたのは、やはり番組制作でのトラウマがあって、一般の方々により広くアピールするためには、いきなり専門用語を使ってはならないという、やや四角四面な強迫観念も働いてのことでした。
　
　
ですが、今回、＜秀吉流天守台＞のお話を再開するうえで、この天守／殿守（てんしゅ）を「上げる」という言い方の語源的なイメージが、たいへん重要なカギを握っているようでして、この機会に是非、そうした一連の懸案をまとめてお話してみたいと思います。

（※なお、ご承知のように天守は「天主」「殿守」「殿主」と様々な漢字が当てられて来ました）
　
　
　
＜秀吉流天守台と「方丈建築」(ほうじょうけんちく)との深い縁… その１＞
　
　

姫路城天守台の土中で発見された羽柴秀吉時代の礎石と石垣

（※加藤得二『姫路城の建築と構造』１９８１年に掲載の図をもとに作成）

朝鮮出兵の本拠地・肥前名護屋城の天守台跡で発見された礎石

（※佐賀県立名護屋城博物館『名護屋城跡』１９９８年に掲載の図をもとに作成）

当サイトが申し上げている＜秀吉流天守台＞の特徴の一つが、ご覧のような礎石の配置、つまり独特な天守の柱割り（はしらわり）にあると申せましょう。

秀吉は織田家の家臣のころ（姫路城天守の築造は天正９年頃）から、天下人になってからも（肥前名護屋の築城開始は天正１８～１９年）この手法を踏襲し続けたようで、その間の、豊臣大坂城もまったく同じだったと言えそうです。

かの中井家蔵『本丸図』の書き込み（図の黒字「十一間」「十二間」）によって、豊臣大坂城天守の初層のサイズは明確です。

で、その数字（黒字）は京間（六尺五寸間）での測量値と言われ、しかも当サイトが申し上げている「天下人・秀吉の天守は十尺間で建てられた」という仮説に沿って柱割りをしますと、まことに綺麗に、中央の柱間だけ基準柱間の１間半（天守本体は桁行７間半、梁間６間＋張出１間）で割り付けることが可能なのです。（！）

このように中央の柱間だけを幅広にして初層を築いた天守は、おそらく秀吉の居城だけでしか見られない特異な現象でしょう。

　
では、これら＜秀吉流天守台＞に一貫した手法は何に由来したのだろうか？ と想像しますと、真っ先に思い当たるのは、やはり「方丈建築」ではないかと思われるのです。

方丈建築の一例：大仙院本堂／永正１０年（１５１３年）造営


（※平面図は『日本建築史基礎資料集成 十六』に掲載の図をもとに作成）

方丈建築と言いますのは、禅宗の寺院建築群のなかで僧侶（長老や住持）の住居として建てられたものです。

縁で囲われた室内は六室に分かれ、正面中央には儀式のための広い部屋「室中（しっちゅう）」があるものの、その他はおおむね居住用の部屋になっていました。

そしてこの「室中」に入る正面中央の柱間だけが幅広で、ご覧の大仙院本堂は「１間半」になっているのです。

（※しかも方丈建築は、正面の向かって右側に、細長い「玄関」が手前側に突き出していて、これは豊臣大坂城をはじめとする天守群の正面右側の付櫓―― 例えば彦根城や犬山城などの例を想わせ、いっそう縁浅からぬものを感じさせます）

では、この仮説のとおりならば、いったいなぜ秀吉は自らの天守に、禅宗の方丈建築の手法を採り入れることになったのでしょうか？

その経緯や人物の関与等はなかなか把握できませんが、ひょっとして、主君・織田信長の安土城天主に触発されて、秀吉もまた、姫路城天守を “住居” として築こうとした（！？）可能性は無かったのでしょうか。
　
　
　
＜実は、戦国期から代々、姫路城天守の台上には礎石建物が載っていた…＞
　
　

いま姫路城天守は平成の大修理の真っ只中ですが、５５年前の昭和３１年（１９５６年）にも「昭和の大修理」が行われていて、大小天守の全面的な解体修理の過程で、前出の羽柴秀吉時代の天守台跡が発見されました。

工事を主導した加藤得二技官（当時）が、発見の様子を詳しく著書に記しています。

出土した秀吉時代の天守台石垣の上端（北西から見た様子）

（※加藤得二『姫路城の建築と構造』１９８１年に掲載の写真をもとに作成）

加藤技官の著書によれば、ご覧の秀吉時代の石垣や礎石は、現天守の礎石上端から地下に０．３９６ｍ～１．９６５ｍの範囲で（深さ約５尺の浅い穴倉を伴いながら）埋まっていたそうです。

そして留意すべき点は、さらにその下からも、いっそう古い時代の礎石や瓦片が発見されたことです。

（加藤得二『姫路城の建築と構造』１９８１年より／文中「三層閣」は天守のこと）

【赤松氏時代の礎石？の出土と貝塚跡】
秀吉の三層閣の礎石を配列する地盤から、さらに〇．七五メートル（二．五尺）、現在天守の地盤から二．六四メートル（八．八尺）下方に秀吉以前の城？の礎石三個が出土した。
（中略）
礎石はちょうど建物の東南隅石にあたるもので、これより西北方に連続するであろうとする礎石の配列は憶測の域を出ないことをお断りしておく。
姫路城の沿革によると、応仁二年（一四六八）赤松政則（則村より五代の孫）が父祖の旧領を回復した際、城地を拡張して東峰に城を築いたと伝え、くだって永禄四年（一五六一）小寺重隆（黒田姓）が旧城の近くに新城を築いた（『姫路城史』）と伝えるなどのことから考察して、この新城の東南隅に擬せられるものとされた。
（中略）
東辺に出土した旧石垣から黒田新城？の出土礎石までの距離は一九メートルある。
このことは天正八～九年の秀吉の築城にあたって、在来構居の敷地が東へ一九メートル、南へ七～八メートル拡張されたことを示すものであった。

つまりは姫路城天守台の土中を透視すると、こんな状態かと…

したがって、秀吉が姫路で我が天守を建てようと意気込んだ時、その場所にはすでに、別の礎石建物（黒田新城の詰ノ丸御殿？）が建っていた、という点がたいへん重要なポイントのように思われるのです。
　
　
そこで秀吉は自らの天守の初層に、僧侶の住居である「方丈建築」の手法を採り入れつつ、その上に望楼を載せて「殿守(てんしゅ)を上げた」――

という風に想像をめぐらせますと、「殿守を上げる」という言い方の最初のニュアンスはおそらく、既存の御殿の上に、さらに望楼が天高く現れた驚き（屋上屋を重ねる執拗さへの恐れ）に、最大の力点を置いた表現だったように思われるのです。

しかもご承知のとおり、近年の城郭研究では、戦国期の後半にはもう、高い山城の山頂本丸にも礎石建物（御殿）のあったことが明確になって来ています。

加藤技官の考証に基づいて描かれた秀吉時代の天守（裏表紙イラスト）

（学研『歴史群像 名城シリーズ⑩ 姫路城』１９９６年より）

結局のところ、「天守を上げる」という語源的イメージの背景には、中井均先生らの織豊期城郭論や千田嘉博先生の戦国期拠点城郭論に見られるような、当時の最先端の城の求心的な曲輪配置のヒエラルキーの頂点に、あえて必要以上の望楼を上げることから、天守は誕生した… というストーリーが見えて来るようです。
　

※ぜひ皆様の応援を。下のバナーに投票（クリック）をお願いします。
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※本日もご覧いただき、ありがとう御座いました。

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