続・西ノ丸天守――詰ノ丸に天守を上げないスタイルの原型か

豊臣大坂城・石山本願寺城・徳川再建大坂城 287件のコメント


続・西ノ丸天守――詰ノ丸に天守を上げないスタイルの原型か

小田原城天守閣（鉄筋コンクリート造／昭和３５年竣工）

じつは先月７日、小田原で行われた「小田原城 木造化を考えるシンポジウム」に私も出掛けまして、思いのほか、単なる復元以上の、大きな問題提起を感じました。

シンポジウムのフィナーレ、地元職人による木遣り唄（きやりうた）の様子

シンポジウムは小田原の老舗のカマボコ屋・まんじゅう屋・魚屋の三人の若主人が立ち上げた「小田原 城普請会議」の主催だそうで、平成２７年度までに耐震改修を迫られた小田原城天守閣にかなりの費用（７億～１５億円とも）を使うのなら、いっそ木造化の可能性を探ってみよう、という趣旨でした。

会場には小田原市長も挨拶に駆けつけ、主たる眼目は「木造化」ということで木造建築業者もチラホラ参集し、その他大勢の城郭ファンが集まった中で、ゲストの有名棟梁らがスピーチをしたわけですが、主催者側の背景にあったのは ＜コンクリート天守を抱えた市民のジレンマ＞ とでも言うべきものだったように感じました。

で、今回は本題の前に、このコンクリート天守の件について一点だけ述べさせて下さい。
　
　
　
＜話題の名古屋城天守の木造再建「３４２億円」は本当に高いのか？＞
　
　

東京駅丸の内駅舎／言わば “屋根の改修” なのに総事業費５００億円！！

（画像：ＪＲ東日本より）

天守の木造化と言えば、最近、名古屋城天守は「３４２億円かかる」「工事に１２年かかる」というニュースが流れて、（掛川城１１億、大洲城１６億、小田原城４８億円予想などに比べても）さすがに高い、という世間の反応がありましたが、報道のポイントは「それに対して現状のコンクリート天守は６億４０００万円だった」と、さも河村たかし市長の暴走ぶりを訴えるような論調でした。

ですが私なんぞは、どうもそこに、原子力発電は安いのか高いのか、という情報操作にも似たニュアンスを感じた口です。

と申しますのは、今年いよいよ完成する東京駅丸の内駅舎は、もちろん現代の工法による復元改修ですが、免震工法やら三階増築やらで費用がかさみ、ＪＲ東日本はその５００億円をいわゆる「空中権」の売買で調達したと言います。
　
　
名古屋城天守の場合、そんな妙案があるのかどうか分かりませんが、この先、築５３年の建物がいよいよ限界を迎える３０～４０年後に、やむなくコンクリートで建て替えるはめに陥った時、一体いくらかかるのか？（＝ゼネコンがいくらフッかけて来るのか？）という、ちょっと空恐ろしいシミュレーションも、公平な判断を下すためには、今のうちに下調べしておくべきではないでしょうか。

このままでは、建て替えの場合でも、免震工法とかハイブリッド木造とか色々な施策が求められ、結局は３４２億円どころではない、超豪華なコンクリート天守に「イエスかノーか」という選択（情報操作）に追い込まれやしないかと気がかりです。
　
　
詰まるところ、戦後日本の映し鏡のような、地域振興と費用対効果の申し子「コンクリート天守」の見えざる壁を打ち破るには、単なる復元以上の工夫が必要なのかもしれません。

「小田原 城普請会議」の皆さんには是非ともその突破口を開いていただきたいのですが、シンポジウムの印象としては、私はあの「木遣り唄」が良かったように思われ、こういう「木の文化」に関わる問題では、どんなに理詰めで話をするより、ああいう唄が日本人の魂を揺さぶるのだと感じ入りました。

―――で、そもそも小田原という地は、関東における “古城観光都市” に変貌できる潜在力（歴史的な三つの城…北条氏の戦国小田原城、豊臣秀吉の石垣山城、徳川による近世小田原城）を秘めたラッキーな街だと思うのですが。
　
　
　
＜続・西ノ丸天守――詰ノ丸に天守を上げないスタイルの原型ではなかったか？＞
　
　

さて、話はガラリと変わって、前回も登場した豊臣大坂城の西ノ丸天守に関してです。

この建物の詳細は一切不明である（小規模だという証拠も無い）ものの、独特な立地の手法だけは、のちの天守に若干の影響を残したように見えます。

と申しますのは、時期的にそれ以降になって、天守をあえて詰ノ丸（最高所）よりも一段低い曲輪に設けた例が、いくつか登場したことになりそうだからです。

（※これは当サイトが申し上げて来た仮説に照らしますと、天守の発祥には、織豊城郭の求心的な曲輪配置の頂点にそれが誕生した、というストーリーが欠かせず、その点では「一段低い曲輪」はゆゆしき？重大事件なのです）

伊賀上野城の絵図（ウィキペディアより／当図は上が北）

ご存知、藤堂高虎が改築した伊賀上野城は、図の中央の本丸左側（西側）の高石垣が印象的です。

（高田徹「上野城」／『戦国の城 近世の城』１９９５年所収より）

上野城の最大の見所は、本丸西面に構えられた高さ二〇ｍ余の石垣である。ところで、この石垣は本丸西面にしか築かれておらず、他の本丸周囲はいずれも切岸（きりぎし）のみで防御されている。
天守台は本丸の西寄りに築かれ、小天守台を備えたものであるが、城内中の最高所は本丸東端の城代屋敷の曲輪である。城代屋敷は、筒井氏時代の本丸といわれるが、その最高所を外してわざわざ西面の高石垣寄りに天守台が構えられている。
これは、西の大坂方面に防御を周到にしたというより、むしろ視覚的に威圧度を高めようとした面が大きかったと思われる。

高石垣ごしに見た復興模擬天守（現存の天守台の上に建設）

高虎が何故この位置に天守を移したかについては、特段の理由も伝わっていないようで、そこで高田先生の指摘のように、高石垣との関連で理由を推測するしか手がないようです。

ただしここで、問題の西ノ丸天守を含めて考えた場合は、そういう発想のそもそもの原点… 天守は必ずしも最高所でなくても良いのだ、という前例の打破（新機軸）を西ノ丸天守が果たしていた、と考えることも出来るのではないでしょうか。

（※この伊賀上野城の場合は、何故か「西」も共通していますが…）

その他の類似のスタイルとしては、徳島城や鳥取城は山頂の本丸から山腹の曲輪に天守が移る形になりましたし、萩城は初めから山頂の詰ノ丸ではなく山麓の本丸に天守を築き、そして加納城や水戸城の「御三階」は本丸を避けて二ノ丸に設けられましたが、これらのうち、西ノ丸天守より以前にさかのぼる事例はありません。

そして何より、これらの中では、他の参考例になるような強烈な存在は「西ノ丸天守」の外に無さそうです。

それを豊臣の旧臣・徳川の譜代を問わず、様々な大名が参考にしたのは、ひょっとすると ＜徳川家康の天下獲りにちなんだ天守の位置＞ だという暗黙の了解が、諸大名の間に広まっていたからではないのでしょうか？？
　
　
　
＜毛利家の萩城天守も似たような位置にあるが…＞
　
　

毛利輝元の肖像（毛利博物館蔵／ウィキペディアより）

さて、そうは申しましても、関ヶ原戦の西軍総大将にかつがれ、戦後に所領の六ヶ国を失った毛利輝元が、新たな居城・萩城でまさか ＜家康の天下獲りにちなんだ天守の位置＞ を採用したと早合点するわけにも行きません。

輝元にとって西ノ丸天守は、まったく別の意味で、忘れることの出来ない天守だったのではないでしょうか。

萩城の現存天守台（右側背後の指月山の頂上が詰ノ丸）

関ヶ原合戦の三ヶ月前、家康が東軍を率いて上杉討伐に向かうと、豊臣三奉行の一人・増田長盛（ました ながもり）が、大坂入りした輝元をさっそく豊臣秀頼に会わせ、家康のいない西ノ丸の守備を要請した（『一斎留書』）と言います。

そんな長盛の底意には、この頃、「西ノ丸」という曲輪が、前年に北の政所が家康に明け渡したあたりから、豊臣政権の事実上の「政庁」と化していた事情がありそうです。
　
　
例えば一味の安国寺恵瓊（あんこくじ えけい）は、輝元と毛利勢の大坂入りは「大坂城西ノ丸の留将よりの要求である」と、反対する吉川広家（きっかわ ひろいえ）と激論を交わしたと記され（『吉川家文書』）、したがって西ノ丸はそうした指令の発信地であったことになります。

またその広家の起請文においても「輝元が豊臣奉行衆の申し出に任せて西ノ丸に罷り上がったのは秀頼に対する忠義と考えたからだ」という意味の文面があるそうで、輝元が（家康に代って）西ノ丸に入ることは、言わば豊臣政権の「執権」職に新任されたかのようなニュアンスを帯びていたようです。
　
　
そしてご承知のとおり、輝元は御輿（みこし）にかつがれやすいタチなのか、西ノ丸にいた三ヶ月間、関ヶ原戦に向けて様々な指示（瀬田の防御陣地、津城攻略の督励、四国の藤堂家・加藤家領地の撹乱など）を精力的に発しながらも、自ら出陣することはなく、結局、関ヶ原の敗戦や毛利家の所領安堵、秀頼と自らの地位の保証を知らされると、あっけなく西ノ丸を退去してしまいました。

で、昭和の戦時中に毛利家の三卿伝編纂所がまとめた『毛利輝元卿伝』には、西ノ丸を退去した輝元と家康について、こんなふうに書かれています。（文中の「卿」は輝元のこと）

（渡辺世祐監修『毛利輝元卿伝』１９５７年刊より）

卿に代って新に大坂城西丸に拠った家康は俄然 強硬態度を以て卿に臨み、且つ毛利氏分国安堵の誓約を反故にするに至った。
これ家康が今や秀頼を擁して大坂の金城湯池に拠り、卿とその地位を代へたゝめに最早 卿を憚（はばか）る必要なきに至ったため、俄（にわ）かに従来の温和なる態度を一変したのである。
　
　
どっちもどっち、という感じはしますが、毛利家の史料を総覧して書かれたこの本の言いようには、毛利家の先祖たちが見た豊臣大坂城や西ノ丸の印象（魔力？）が浮き彫りになっているのではないでしょうか。

そしてそこには、どこかしら輝元の心象も含まれていて、歴史の厚いフィルターの向こう側に、西ノ丸天守の残像を探し出せるのではないか… などという余計な想像力が働いてしまうわけなのです。

ご覧の風景には、ある原型があったのではないかと。

※ぜひ皆様の応援を。下のバナーに投票（クリック）をお願いします。
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※本日もご覧いただき、ありがとう御座いました。

“続・西ノ丸天守――詰ノ丸に天守を上げないスタイルの原型か” への287件のコメント

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