天守は「台」の方が重要かもしれない、という観点から小牧山城の歴史的発見を見れば…

小牧山城・松山城・飛騨高山城・美濃金山城 223件のコメント

天守は「台」の方が重要かもしれない、という観点から小牧山城の歴史的発見を見れば…

小牧山城の航空写真（小牧市所蔵）

ご覧の山頂部分で発掘された総石垣づくりの主郭は、尾張の城としても、織田信長にとっても、初の大規模な石垣であったようですが、その意図は何か？ 建物はどうなっていたのか？ といった疑問は（主郭内部の改変もあって）完全には明らかになりそうもありません。

調査報告書の「主郭石垣概要平面図」を使って作成（上が真北）

小牧山城と言いますと、私なんぞは思わず、ここに原初的な天守（「御城には二層、屋上に楼を設けて三間四方、欄干より眺望雲煙十里…」武功夜話）があったかのような記録が頭に浮かぶ一方で、おなじみの千田嘉博先生は、北西に張り出した「櫓台」の発見に注目しておられます。

（千田嘉博『信長の城』２０１３年より抜粋）

小牧市歴史館建設前の図面や写真によると、主郭内には建物の存在をうかがわせる基壇状の高まりがあって、かなりの規模の建物が建っていたことは間違いありません。
…
発掘した櫓台石垣から規模を復元すると、櫓は東西方向に八メートルほど張り出し、南北方向も石垣塁線上ではおよそ八メートルでした。一間を六尺五寸（約一九七センチメートル）とすると、およそ四間となります。
（中略）
天主の成立過程を考える上でも、小牧山城主郭の櫓は重要な意味をもつでしょう。
　
　
では、問題の「櫓台」はどうしてこの位置で北西側なのか？ という点に関しては、千田先生は同書で「この櫓台が張り出した北西のはるか先には、信長が攻略目標にしていた稲葉山城（岐阜城）を今も望むことができ」るから、としておられます。

この重要な指摘は、私なんぞも５年前の記事（天守の「四方正面」が完成するとき）で申し上げたように、いわゆる「四方正面」以前の望楼型天守には、明らかに「正面」があり、しかもその正面には、攻略目標を意味した「外正面」と、真逆の自陣側を意味した「内正面」があったはず… などと申し上げた考え方ともピタリと合致します。

しかし、ここではもう一つ、＜なぜ北西か？＞ に関して、それ以上に見逃せない理由があったように思えてならず、これが今回の記事の中心テーマなのです。
　
　
　
＜なぜ北西側に？？ もう一つの、見逃せない理由とは＞
　
　

例えば、千田先生が以前に作成した縄張り図を使わせていただくと…
村田修三編『図説中世城郭事典 第二巻』所収／小牧城図（千田嘉博作図）のページ

同図の中心曲輪群の部分を使って作成（上が真北）

ご覧のように作成した中では、「山腹の横堀と土塁」はご承知のとおり、後の小牧長久手戦のおりに徳川が改修した部分らしい、と判って来ましたので、この部分は割り引いて考えなければなりません。

そして大手道から山頂主郭に至るルートとしては、蓬左文庫に伝わる江戸時代の古地図に、上図のようなクネクネと山腹を登るルートが描かれていて、それが調査報告書にも採り入れられています。
　
　
ところが、ところが! 例えば、おなじみの超有名サイト「余湖くんのお城のページ」の小牧山城の鳥瞰図などでは、まったく別のルートが印象づけられ（提起され）ていて、思わず、古地図に対する疑問がふつふつとわき上がって来るのです。…

「余湖くんのお城のページ／小牧山城の鳥瞰図」を引用させていただきました

ご覧のとおり、大手道の続きはさらに真っ直ぐ山を登っていて、小牧山の鞍部にまで登り、馬出し的な機能を果たしたと見られる曲輪（鳥瞰図の３、その下の図の５）を経たうえで、「土橋」を渡って中心曲輪群に入る、というルートが強調されているのです。

もちろん前述のように、山腹の横堀は徳川による改修箇所ですから注意が必要なものの、もしもこれを大手道から主郭に至る「メインルート」と考えた場合には、問題の「櫓台」の意図が、ずっと明確に見えて来るのではないでしょうか。

土橋を渡る先の真正面に！ 原初的な天主（殿守）が？ ／ 主郭石垣概要平面図の合成

いかがでしょうか。思えば、岐阜城の天守（山頂「主城」）や安土城天主もこんなレイアウトがされていたように感じられ、例えば安土城ですと、伝黒金門の手前の長い石段がちょうど「土橋」と同じ位置づけになり、それとは別のルートが南からも主郭に達する形になっています。

すでに報告書等で指摘されているとおり、小牧山城と安土城の築城方法の間にはかなりの類似性が見られ、それはまた、大手道から主郭や天主に至るルートの設け方についても、ほとんど同じ手法だと言えそうな感じです。
　
　
そして私なんぞが特に気になるのは、いずれも、土橋や伝黒金門の側から見れば、ルートは天主の背後に回り込んでから天主の建物に入る、という形をとっている点です。

これは、発祥まもない天守と主郭石垣（≒天守台）との関係を解き明かす糸口のように思われ、そういう観点に立ちますと、問題の櫓台の「真正面に見せつける」という意図がより明確になるのではないでしょうか。
と申しますのも…

私なんぞが思う、天守のいちばん原初的なイメージ　～それは求心的な曲輪配置の頂点に～

　
天主台上に空地をもつ安土城天主(仮説)　 ／ 本丸石垣の一隅に建つ、天守台の無い高知城天守(現存)

その高知城天守は…
別の方角から見上げた、本丸石垣の一隅に建つ様子 ／ 大手門からの城道を威圧する


ご覧のように高知城天守の建つ位置と、小牧山城での大発見とを並べて考えてみますと、問題の櫓台は千田先生のおっしゃる「のちの天主につづいていく象徴的な櫓」であるとともに、＜話題の大規模な主郭石垣こそ、天守台の原型でもあるのではないか＞ ! ? という、突飛な考え方（可能性）にたどり着いてしまうのです。…
　
　
今回の記事のタイトルに、天守は「台」の方が重要かもしれない、としたのは、例えばこのような事柄もあるからです。

念のため説明を付け加えますと、天守台の「台」というのは、天守建築の研究（特に「立体的御殿」としての発祥）と、近年の山城をめぐる様々な研究成果（とりわけ織豊系城郭の求心性）とをつなぐ、言わば近接的な学際研究のミッシングリンクとでも言うべき、見逃されて来た存在ではないのかと、改めて強く申し上げたいのです。
　
　
ですからこの際、何度でも申しますが、我が国の「城」の歴史から見れば、天守は「台」の方が重要かもしれないのだ、と。
　

※ぜひ皆様の応援を。下のバナーに投票（クリック）をお願いします。
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※本日もご覧いただき、ありがとう御座いました。

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