釈明を兼ねた独自仮説――沼田城には関東の「北辺」を守備する四重五階の天守がそびえていた

福岡城・沼田城・甲府城・山形城 264件のコメント


沼田城には関東の「北辺」を守備する四重五階の天守がそびえていた

前回記事より ／ 沼田城天守は五重天守ではなかった、という立場の作図

一方、沼田市観光協会のＨＰ「ようこそ沼田へ」には壮大な五重天守の想像図が…

沼田城天守ほど、歴史的な位置づけに迷う「五重天守」もないだろうと感じて来ましたが、観光協会の想像図は、かつての宮上茂隆先生の復元案に基づいて描かれたものでしょう。

そしてその前を言えば、西ヶ谷恭弘先生の復元案も黒い五重天守として強い印象を残しましたし、一般に、真田信之（のぶゆき／いわゆる幸村の兄／正室は本多忠勝の娘）が関東でいちはやく五重天守を上げたのは慶長２年(１５９７年)であったとも、徳川の江戸城天守と同時期の慶長１２年(１６０７年)だとも言われて来ました。

（※ちなみに私の勝手な自論ですと、その江戸城天守は四重の天守のはず、と申し上げて来ておりますので、当時、沼田城天守は依然として関東で唯一無比の五重天守だったのかもしれませんが…）
　
　
そうした中で、現在、ウィキペディア等では、信之の孫・真田信利(のぶとし)が抱いた真田本家・松代藩への過剰な対抗意識が、沼田藩主就任の１６５８年（＝明暦４年！明暦大火の翌年！）以降に破格の五重天守を生んだのだという異説が踊っていまして、当ブログの冒頭の作図は（時系列的に見れば）その異説を支持しているかのようでもあり、ちょっとマズい状態にあります。

ちなみに昭和３０年代から城の復元運動があったという沼田の地元としては、こんな異説まで出て来るようでは、ますます前途多難でしょうが、とにかく当ブログの作図はそうした異説とは無縁である、という釈明を兼ねまして、この際、自前の大胆仮説を申し上げておきたいと思うのです。

正保城絵図「上野国沼田城絵図」の本丸周辺（当図は右が北）

さて、かくのごとく正保城絵図に描かれたのですから、城絵図の作成が命じられた正保元年(１６４４年)の前後には、絵のごとき天守が沼田城に実在していたはずです。

とはいうものの、城絵図の天守台に「石かき高八間」と墨書されている点については、現地を訪れた方々は、口をそろえて “とても信じられない” とおっしゃいます。

高さ８間と言えば１５～１６ｍであり、およそ５階建てのアパートにも相当するからで、いったいどういうことなのか、現地の様子を写真でザザッとご紹介しますと…

沼田駅から眺めた城址 ／ 木々におおわれた台地の突端が本丸 ／ 左の遠景は三峰山


各曲輪のかつての位置をダブらせた地図（オレンジ色はわずかに残る微高地）

台地の上には広い平坦な土地が広がっていて、そこに本丸以下の城と城下町があったわけですが、現在、公園や市街地になった台地上の印象は、城下から本丸までほとんど地表高に変化がなく、本丸の先の「古城(捨曲輪)」「侍屋敷(二之丸)」がガクンと低くなり、その先が急崖で落ちている形です。

で、地図上のアルファベットの各地点から見た様子は…

【写真Ａ】台地の上、沼田公園の入口付近


【写真Ｂ】本丸堀が部分的に残った池

わずかに残った本丸堀のこの部分の石垣は、城絵図に「石かき高三間」と墨書されていて、例えばこの堀の東側（写真では右側の見えない部分）の微高地と同じ高さまで石垣が積まれていたと想像しますと、ちょうどそれは「三間」の高さになりそうで、墨書はまんざらウソでもなさそうなのです。
しかし…



【写真Ｃ】本丸堀を埋め立てた場所から、天守台の方向を見ると…


【写真Ｄ】本丸内から見た利根英霊殿 ／ わずかな微高地の上に建つ

ご覧のとおり、天守があった辺りは、先ほどの本丸掘の石垣の想定とほとんど同じ地表高の微高地でしかなく、とてもここに、５階建てアパートに匹敵するような壮大な天守台石垣を思い描くのは困難なのです。

もし本当にここにあったのだとすれば、その膨大な土砂や石材はそっくり綺麗に取り去られたことになりますし、それを使って本丸堀を埋め立てたのだろうか？と考えるしかありません。

ところが、ところが…

【写真Ｅ】利根英霊殿のすぐ裏＝北側は、軽く１０ｍ以上はある土塁が落ち込んでいる!!!


どういうことかと言いますと…

ここでもう一度、城全体の構造を踏まえて天守の位置を再確認しますと、前述のとおり、城内の北端でガクンと低くなった「古城(捨曲輪)」「二之丸」と、本丸との間を画する大きな土塁上の際に、天守は建てられていたのです。

これは正保城絵図が東側から眺めた状態、すなわち本丸の大手虎口が正面になるような角度で描かれたため、なかなか意識されなかったことなのでしょうが、構造的に見れば、天守は城の「北」方を意識していて、「北」を仮想敵とする姿でそびえていたと思えてなりません。

しかも、その土塁は図のように、沼田城と言えばいつも写真が出る「本丸西櫓台」まで、一続きの土塁として考えることが出来そうでして、ということは、現状はここに石垣の痕跡は確認できないものの、ここには、天守と本丸西櫓が左右に居並ぶ形で！北方の仮想敵に見せつけるための構造が出来上がっていたのではないでしょうか。
　
　
そういう姿を解りやすくするため、今までご覧いただいた地図をひっくり返して、北を手前にしてご覧いただきますと…



２０１０年度リポートより ／ 天守は詰ノ丸の左手前隅角に！
＝豊臣大坂城にみる織田信長の作法

いよいよ冒頭で申し上げたごとく、沼田城天守の歴史的な位置づけに関わる話になって来るのですが、このように天守が「北」を強く意識して築かれたとなると、その完成が慶長２年であれ、慶長１２年であれ、それは城主・真田信之と、江戸の徳川家康（および妻の実家・本多忠勝）との関係の中で、この天守は構想されたのだと考えざるをえないでしょう。

言うなれば、“江戸の防衛の最前線の役目” を買って出る意味合いが、信之の天守建造には込められていたのではなかったでしょうか。!…

ご承知のとおり、信之という武将は、父の真田昌幸、弟の幸村(信繁)に比べれば一般の方々の認知度は低いものの、第一次上田合戦での闘いぶりから、敵方の徳川家康や本多忠勝が信之の胆力を大いに評価し、やがて忠勝の娘・小松姫が家康の養女として信之の正室に迎えられる関係になりました。

そこから真田一族のドラマチックな歴史が複雑さを増すわけですが、ここまで申し上げたように、問題の天守も、そんな歴史と深く切り結ぶ存在であったとしますと、その間、現実には高崎城の井伊直政、厩橋城の平岩親吉、館林城の榊原康政といった徳川の譜代大名らが、すぐ間近から、信之の行動に監視の目を光らせていたのでしょうから、沼田城天守とは、そういう風当たりも受け止めながら建っていたのだと私には思えてなりません。

【ご参考】沼田城絵図（前述の信利の時代 ／ 当図も右が北）
大まかだが、天守の平面形の長短は “東西棟” のように見える

かくして、問題の「石かき高八間」というのは、おそらくは天守台の“北面”にあった高石垣の数値ではないかと思うのです。

しかも、下記の正保城絵図の拡大でもお分かりのように、天守の“向き”を考えた場合、この絵図は天守の屋根が“南北棟”であるように描いていますが、これが慶長期の層塔型天守としますと、先ほどの全体構造のねらいや、天守台の微高地の長短を踏まえるなら、むしろ実際のところは“東西棟”だったと考える方が自然でしょう。

となれば、この絵図に描かれたのは、墨書のある天守台ごと！ 実は「北」から見た天守の姿なのだ、ということにもなりうるのです。

正保城絵図の拡大

そろそろ今回の記事もラストスパートですが、ご覧のとおり、城絵図は天守そのものの描き方もちょっと奇妙で、左側の櫓や門は普通なのに、これだけ天守台の内側に“めり込んだ”ような描写になっておりまして、ここにも大きな秘密が隠れていて、それは例えば、佐倉城の天守（御三階櫓）と同じ方式で、高石垣の内側の土塁に半分のっかるように建っていたからではないでしょうか。

佐倉城の場合、床下階を含めて五階の四重天守でしたが、城外の側の半分だけが土塁上に乗っかるように建てたため、その結果、城外からはちゃんと三階建ての「御三階櫓」に見えたという工夫でした。

そこで沼田城の場合も、建物は文献の記述どおりに五階建てであっても、同様の工夫の結果、城外からは四重天守のように見えたのではないかと思われ、その意図としては、慶長の天下普請の江戸城天守を取り巻く“有望大名の四重天守群”（→２０１２年度リポート／松岡利郎先生の指摘）のうちの一基とするための工夫ではなかったのか、と私なんぞは思うのですが、いかがでしょう。

【ご参考】上野国沼田倉内城絵図（城の破却直後の作／当図も右が北）
天守は四重に描かれ、なおかつ石垣からやや離れて建つ。
また天守台は、特に大きな隆起も無く、本丸石垣と一直線の高さである

※ぜひ皆様の応援を。下のバナーに投票（クリック）をお願いします。
にほんブログ村 歴史ブログ 戦国時代へ
※当サイトはリンクフリーです。
※本日もご覧いただき、ありがとう御座いました。

“釈明を兼ねた独自仮説――沼田城には関東の「北辺」を守備する四重五階の天守がそびえていた” への264件のコメント

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