岐阜に「白い四階建て月見櫓」を考える!
―― 岐阜城の山麓居館には、足利義政の「白い銀閣」に由来した「四階建て楼閣」が存在したのではないか?
―― しかもその場所は、岐阜公園のど真ん中ではなかったのか?
前々回から、発掘調査関係者の方々の神経にさわるような記事を続けております。
山麓居館跡の山側奥に「天主」を想定した宮上茂隆案
(成美堂出版『信長の城と戦略』1997より)
…… かつては織田信長の山麓居館に関して、ご覧のような宮上茂隆先生の「天主説」が話題になりましたが、これに対して、文献にいっそう忠実な復元を行い、信長の居館は階段状の土地に御殿が建ち並んだもの、と推定したのが「階段状御殿説」でした。
この考え方を支持された研究者としては、例えば村田修三先生、秋田裕毅先生、小島道裕先生といった方々がいらっしゃっいましたが、しかしその後、発掘調査では山麓居館跡の山側(明治大帝像前やその奥)で、それらしい “礎石などの直接的な物証” は発見されませんでした。
したがって先の宮上「天主」説はもちろんのこと、階段状御殿説も、もはや階段状に見立てられる土地はロープウェー山麓駅の周辺ぐらいしか残っていないため、両説ともに難しい局面にあります。
そんな中にあって、岐阜市では、階段状御殿説に沿って、山側の最も奥まったエリアを、“礎石などの直接的な物証” の無いまま「信長公居館跡」と認定していく方向のようなのです。
こうした現地の情勢に一抹の危惧を感じながら、当ブログは、まだ未発掘の範囲に「白い四階建て楼閣(月見櫓)」を考えうるのではないか、と申し上げているわけです。
そのため今回は、『フロイス日本史』(松田毅一・川崎桃太訳/今回は中公文庫版)に基づいて、階段状御殿説よりいっそう「文言どおり」に復元するとどうなるか? という試みをご覧いただきましょう。
注目したい「文言」は次の三つで、ここから新たな突破口が見えそうです。
1.「貴殿に予の邸を見せたい」
2.「約二十の部屋」
3.「三階は山と同じ高さ」
1.「貴殿に予の邸を見せたい」
『フロイス日本史』はフロイスが語り手ですが、信長自身は問題の建物(四階建て楼閣?)を「予の邸」と呼んだ事になっています。その前後の文面は…
(『完訳フロイス日本史』より)
宮殿は非常に高いある山の麓にあり(中略)広い石段を登りますと、ゴアのサバヨのそれより大きい広間に入りますが、前廊と歩廊がついていて、そこから市の一部が望まれます。
ここで彼はしばらく私たちとともにおり、次のように言いました。「貴殿に予の邸を見せたいと思うが、他方、貴殿には、おそらくヨーロッパやインドで見た他の建築に比し見劣りがするように思われるかもしれないので、見せたものかどうか躊躇する。だが貴殿ははるか遠方から来訪されたのだから、予が先導してお目にかけよう」と。
(※このあと「予の邸」の見聞録が始まる)
さて、信長がフロイスらにこう語りかけた時、彼らは一体、どこに立っていたのでしょう。
翻訳文を本当にこのまま受け取るなら、信長が見せたがった「予の邸」は、第一に、前廊と歩廊のある「大きい広間」とは、別途の建物であったことが確認できます。
第二に、「予の邸」は、ヨーロッパやインドの建築に見劣りするかもしれないが、少なくとも、フロイスらが “日本国内では見たことのない珍しい建物” である点を、信長は言外に臭わせております。
そして第三に、「予の邸」はその時点ではまだ姿が見えていない、という推測も十分に成り立ちます。そうでなくては、信長は丸見えの「予の邸」の前で、「見せたものかどうか躊躇する」とグダグダ前置きを並べた(!)ことになってしまいますので……。
当ブログが申し上げる「文言どおり」とは、こういう観点であり、ここまで忠実に考えますと、「予の邸」は石段(巨石通路)の上の「大きい広間」からは見えない範囲にあった可能性が濃厚でしょう。
2.「約二十の部屋」
「予の邸」の規模を知るうえで、重要な手掛かりになるのが、この文言です。そして次の文面からは、この建物の一階が、少なくとも「約二十」に部屋割りされていたことが確認できます。
(『完訳フロイス日本史』より)
私たちは、広間の第一の廊下から、すべて絵画と塗金した屏風で飾られた約二十の部屋に入るのであり、人の語るところによれば、それらの幾つかは、内部においてはことに、他の金属をなんら混用しない純金で縁取られているとのことです。
ところが、こうなりますと、まさに「部屋数」が問題なのです。何故なら、近世城郭や大寺院の大広間のような御殿は、意外と部屋数が少ないからです。
聚楽第大広間/かの聚楽第でも、縁をすべて除けば部屋数は10そこそこ
前出の「前廊と歩廊のついた大きい広間」の「前廊」が縁側を意味し、「歩廊」が広縁(上図「廣縁」「ひろゑん」)を意味したことは充分に想像でき、したがってフロイスはこの点をちゃんと理解していたようです。
一方、安土城天主や福知山城天守など、信長が生きていた時代までの天守はたいへんに部屋数の多かったことが、文献や絵図から判明しております。
『天守指図』二重目(天主台上の初重)→ この階は文献の『安土日記』等でも部屋数が19
以上の点から申しまして、この建物の一階に「約二十の部屋」があった、という文言がある限り、それは御殿建築ではなくて、むしろ “天守に近い楼閣建築” と考える方が自然ではないでしょうか。
3.「三階は山と同じ高さ」
さて、一連の文章で最も不思議な表現と言われるのが、この部分です。
(『完訳フロイス日本史』より)
三階は山と同じ高さで、一種の茶室が付いた廊下があります。それは特に精選されたはなはだ静かな場所で、なんら人々の騒音や雑踏を見ることなく、静寂で非常に優雅であります。
金華山の山頂は比高322mですから、「三階は山と同じ高さ」はあまりに不自然で、普通では考えられない表現であるため、大方の人々がこれを真正面から取り合おうとしません。
たとえ山側の奥に階段状御殿を想定したとしても、「三階は山と同じ高さ」は少々無理を含んだ解釈にならざるをえず、「では四階の高さは?」と問われたら、それも「山と同じ高さ」と答えざるをえません。
ところが、この「三階は山と同じ高さ」を極力、文言どおりに受け取る手立ては、無いことも無いのです。
このように岐阜公園の平地のどこかに「四階建て楼閣」を想定しますと、その三階の床は地上6~8m程の高さはあるでしょう。
それはちょうど、図の等高線のとおり、ロープウェー山麓駅の地表高とほぼ同じ高さであり、そして山麓居館の全体の地形を「上段」「下段」に分けてみますと、「山」は「上段」と同義語のようにも見えて来ます。
ましてやそこに信長の御主殿があったのなら、それを「山」と称するのは、家臣団の誰かが発した呼び名を、そのまま引用した文言のようにも想像できます。
いささか唐突ではありますが、この点に関連して、階段状御殿説を支持された小島道裕先生は、次のようにも述べられていて、この問題を整理するうえでたいへん参考になります。
(小島道裕『信長とは何か』2006より)
岐阜城について見れば、山麓の館は、基本的に外に開かれたハレの場で、公式な面会はまず麓で行っているが、そこにも主殿相当の「表」の広間と、文字通り「奥」に相当する茶室の使い分けがあった。茶室は、本来の室町幕府の建物にはない。新しい趣向と言えよう。
つまり小島先生は、山麓の館にも「表」と「奥」が存在したとおっしゃっているわけです。
ただし「表」「奥」は現代的な感覚では、手前を「表」、その向こうを「奥」と感じてしまいます。
ところが織豊政権の城郭では、地表高の低い下段が(手前であっても)茶室や山里のある「奥」であったケースは存在していて(→肥前名護屋城の山里曲輪など)、それらを踏まえて小島先生の解説を当てはめてみれば、次のようになるのでしょう。
(前出と同じ引用文をもう一度)
三階は山と同じ高さで、一種の茶室が付いた廊下があります。それは特に精選されたはなはだ静かな場所で、なんら人々の騒音や雑踏を見ることなく、静寂で非常に優雅であります。
では最後にもう一点、文中の「一種の茶室が付いた廊下」という部分です。
実は、かの銀閣は、二階から「橋廊下」が伸びていて、地上と連絡していたことがわかって来ました。
となれば、同様の「橋廊下」がこちらは三階にあって、途中に「一種の茶室」(亭)が付設された形で、「上段」まで水平移動で連絡していた… といった可能性もありうるのではないでしょうか?
そんな驚異的な構造は、アルカラ版の『フロイス日本史』ですと、いっそう明確に読み取ることが出来て、興味津々なのです。
例えば東福寺の通天橋のごとく?
(※この建物の話題は、次回に続く)
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